Anatomy and Physiology Exam 4 1 List the structures and functions of the nose nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses These structures are known as the upper respiratory tract since they are the first structures that the air will pass through pharynx is also part of The purpose of the nose is to filter the air and moisten it The air we breathe has many pollutes and bacteria and the hair in the nose filters it all out By the time it reaches the pharynx the nose has cleansed it to an extent and moistened it For the anatomy the nose contains three protrusions called the nasal conchae These have opening that drain certain secretions into the nose 2 Describe the structures of the pharynx larynx and trachea All the structures that work to just carry the air to the alveolar in the lungs where the gas exchange occurs are known as the conducting zone meaning everything we are talking about is in the conducting zone right now The pharynx is the next path that the air takes after passing through the nose Air and food both go down the pharynx and the tonsils are also housed here The pharynx is divided into the naso oro and laryngo sections The naso section is the uppermost section that is connected to the nasal cavity and this is where the tonsils are housed We also have auditory tubes that travel to the ear cavity for hearing Then we reach the oropharynx This is just another passage just to note that the main palatine tonsils are here these are just the main tonsils Finally we reach the laryngopharynx This is where there is a split in the passage for either food or air Food will enter the esophagus and air will continue into the larynx So the pharynx has both food and air at the end of the laryngo it will split The door that keeps food out of the larynx is called the epiglottis and it is closed during swallowing so the food can only enter the esophagus Now the air is in the lower respiratory tract So it s all simply paths for the air to travel The larynx is the major organ for sound production It connects the laryngo to the trachea So voice is simply air vibrating across the vocal ligaments so just like sound is produced by guitar strings by vibration nothing fancy to know the mechanism just know that the glottis is medial to the vocal chords and speech is produced with the alternate closing and opening of the glottis Pitch is affected via the length of those vocal chords and the loudness of the sound is determined by the amount of force that The trachea is a flexible tube connecting the larynx to the bronchioles It is very short the movement of the air causes and it ends at the primary bronchi 3 Explain the structure of the lungs and the vascular and neural networks that supply them The lungs are two structures positioned superior to the heart The bronchi arise from the trachea and once the air arrives here it is moist and free of most contaminates That was the job of all those different passages that the air took to get here As the air travels down the bronchi the bronchi get smaller and smaller till we reach the aveoli As they get smaller they change from the primary bronchi to the secondary bronchi to the tertiary bronchi At the bronchi is actually where coughing is initiated at an area called the carina There are a right and left lung and the right lobe has three lobes and the left has two The reason for this is because the heart is positioned around the left lung so can t really replace the heart This means that the bronchi must have split to deliver the air to both lungs and indeed it did right after the trachea The secondary bronchi deliver the air to the right and left lung and then it splits into the tertiary bronchi So the bronchi continue to split into the respiratory then they form bronchioles as they progressively get smaller Finally after a shit ton of bronchioles we reach the terminal bronchioles Now we enter the respiratory zone starting with the respiratory bronchioles Then we reach the alveolar ducts which contain sacs of alveolar This is where the gas exchange occurs Blood is brought to the lung via the pulmonary artery as explained in my last guide and just like the heart the lungs get their own blood supply from the bronchial arteries Remember that the pulmonary arteries bring the deoxygenated blood to the lungs so it can pick up the oxygen so the lungs don t get to use it for nourishment The alveoli duct the sac and the alveoli make up the pulmonary lobule which is just a fancy word for the functional part of the lung Since they are the functioning part they have to have some form of vessels and these are a lymphatic vessels an arteriole and a terminal bronchi The alveoli have certain cells for gas exchange called the type 1 alveolar cells so these obviously are essential cells Other essential cells they have are the type 2 cells which secrete surfactant This lowers the surface tension in the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing There are also macrophages to digest any bacteria as needed 4 Discuss the relationship of the pleurae to the lungs and thoracic wall and their functional importance The pleurae are a cavity that covers the lungs and the thoracic wall and just like the heart with its visceral and partial layer it has the same anatomy Two layers and fluid between them to minimize friction with breathing Breathing is made possible by pressure changes and this cavity creates these changes So like the heart the visceral layer lines the lungs and the partial is outer to the visceral 5 Define intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure Breathing is made possible via pressure changes from the atmospheric pressure compared to the pressure in the lungs or the transpulmonary pressure We describe negative and positive pressure relative to the atmosphere which is at 760 mmHg So the transpulmonary pressure is either less than or greater than 760 mmHg 760 is described as 0 There are two pressures that create the transpulmonary pressure and these are the intrapulmonary Ppul and the intrapleural Pip The Ppul is the pressure in the alveoli and the Pip is the pressure in the pleural cavity usually 4 When we inhale the diagram will contract This will cause it to enlarge because of its shape Enlarging it will increase its volume which will DECREASE the Ppul whenever you increase volume pressure will decrease So this decrease in pressure will make the transpulmonary pressure less than the atmospheric pressure transpulmonary pressure is equal to the Ppul Pip and Pip is constant at
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