7 ,r-t:2. t\e,lO"bo\1Sn is sum of all chemical and physical processes bywhich the body breaks down and builds up moleculesChemical reactions require or release. Metabolism: Chernical Reactions in the BodyMetabolic Pathwayreactions that occur in progression frombeginning to end\n\err.neNrqKs' Compounds formed in a pathwayArutG(c- -- . .,A.-;t:?--f"p^*-g $.,os-9t- r^s'bt' "'$l$JlnBlC*. Urcq.,utfc5 energyt;9Pathways that build compounds. Pathways that break down compoundsAnabolism & CatabolismAnabolism is the process of making new molecules from smaller onesCatabolism is the breakdown or degradation of larger, more complexmolecules to smaller, more basic molecules. During digestion, chemical reactions breek downalla. Catabolism. Energy for the Cellfroinfne). Occur in specific types or parts of the cell. May be limited to specific organs or tissuesfu-1s th-e sitqof energyuction inoL ,^euiortrttb\'-l? ou, ld,,n7 tet"e1/5.sic., ft b,n, U;,,,l}racus fp ^.-q I _fun9 n u+uutL nchtT - 6+lo (o7z). When phosphate bonds are brokqn energy is releasedD dznttft' ru Di plvrtlu*/nPh$,-*ht'*are chemical reactions that occurand $arn^a/ia.,X rtrr' biges*icn '; b*,tkdr,,tn. Bodt's source ofit-i^lrlf akenergy. Glls break highbond from ATPftUnloti<When glucose is transported to the liver, it is \. Metabotized for enerEy or stored "t $\t\(O9e n (in the liver)a1.. Released into circulation for other cells to use as fuel or stored as W,gtycogen ( t*Sc\e -{-issut I \1!*t. Converted to {irh.r tlcia'i . if glucose exceeds caloric 'Vneeds, and stored "t ..---..T, rl - in adipose tissue u FAr"Fr ""rctqe -na €i.,-fficonverted to glucose ii' ' '( k,^^ -the liver and follow the same fate ' :l'y \G"t-DC"llularRespirationofGlucose I,..r;',;vru5(L' 5lcat cc'-{b5 Chain)ru'- -i^*;;"1kgr'ra"'r. Glucose is bxidized to rl:,.r { .; t ca\tSynthesisof o."*\\ F2.. Pyruvate is oxidized and joined with CoA3. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC); aka: KWkl: C tiCtt. Acetyl CoA enters cycle producing NADH +H*, FADH2 and ATP4. E\zchcn -l-crnstrrt 3.t<ie\A. NADH + H*, FADHz are oxidized to NAD* and FADSummary of Glucose OxidationSl€ ccbit respiration of one glucose molecule' Net eain 31 ft' Fft*Ae,cdoiC respiration of one glucose molecule. Net gain :l- fftATP Production from Fats: dietary and adipose triglycerides are broken down by'r.lSe to yield. One glyceroland 3 free fatty acids. G\,{CgfO\ is converted toacetyl CoA for entry into the CAC cyclefatty acids cannot be converted to glucose,;:|-,,* t1\"tia?{' ag' {tJb$then to. tr${-e.di{\,l $Cr\S are used for energy or stored. ATP Production frorn fo,l'! . i Ri\\r t\cid 0""4'dtm (beta oxidation),*,.s':}l. -or":.tnt -;16''*of.*,,D-'"0.,*ll*t;t . ilil W 'no,t,.u,\e*tr'r'^T,.p-oxidation of Fatty Acids o u"''" 'o *-- Ur^\{ thl *;af are transported to working cells needing energy {such\-:-- : as \., +o$ or $rr[3\'Q- cel]s)/ \ [ rw5C- VXs n fatty acils are sequentially broken down into two-carbon", _., i r . F.oxida;':i1:*Tn1r::"'l:'" acavt caA\,u . Fatty Acids Cannot form \4\W\LThere s no pthwayto corn ert +el-l('\ ccfr t" Puf .lY$.t(. since 'xo*rcoaffinm- -=GArfrunr ProteinrtE body preftrs using l[ri S .n6 {b* for energy- rttF- +.ti-'t.v ' t(.f_ . -t* .- _ct"*r\-r1 \!v\ r\.r l!"\J4!r0tkfn is reserved for metabolic functions that cannot be performedintakeEnergy from ProteinDietary proteins are digested into UmfnO UCiAS or smail peptidesAmino acids are transported to the \('rref. made into proteins. released into the \O\CO\for uptake by other cells for building andF repair functionsLx.lSa dietary protein. used for energy or converted tof^{t\ lh,t*s forstorage astriglycerides[vo.-c"'&)ForminE ClirrsQ, frorn W amino acids and othercompound, t rTypical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose, although A\CgfO\ ..nFasting and Feasting J IFasting encourages:breakdownFeasting encourages:. G})t6lg9ttt svnthesis-i-. Fat synthesis. Protein synthesis t63r.r^<;q,*nn. U4q synthesis !Stored EnergyStored energy can be used during times of sleep, fasting, or exerciseExtra energy is stored asin limited amounts as \arUQ(. anarrr\)\C-\Q. ' glycogen. Fat (triglycerides) in unlimited amountsThe body has no mechanism for storing C\ron\no cldas orSynthesizint tttcrr-tonutr\on\>6 I uco neogenesis: ma king gl ucose from non-glucose su bstrates. Primarilyfrom N,*Sdt , ,-r56a{ {ermt'r.s}5-. Smallamount from Q\qC0nO( liriglyceride). Maintains b\r{$,"q'f,ttptR during sleep, fasting,awaraiaa Jillness, anda" CS,*a\O\*+o for glucose production can draw on vital tissue{ '4X. \r\i---\r I' .o\t{'Fat breakdownproteins {skeletal and heart muscles and organ protdins)efecqM--_-f--. Since essential amino acids cannot be synthesized, they must ben,llgl.il] cellular up:"9:lgl:cose, fatty acids, and;mino acids dru{\ i{A.,l o. r ( tn,,a1h ,and (bnttso( are cataiolic'' .1*-F. SynthesizingMacronutrientsL\Oo+nqAiS ; making fat from nonfat substances such ascarbohylratls, amino acids, ana 0,.0 CO\rf(. Occurs when consuming excess caloriesaaaSynthesizing Macron utrientsLYk\ \oat{g*1+/t ( O fl units assemble into fatty acid chainsFatty acid combine y{tn " Ml& to form triglyceridesMostly occurs in \fwf--%ffiof nonessentialamino acids (NEAA)Amino group comes from \ran::r-rrr.fic.odimSynthesis of NEAA occurs only when the body has enoughand nl4ro*f\hormones' Trigger the breakdown of stored triglycerides, glycogen, and body proteinfor energybneq(-*wbc*x-rt,*is the orimary angfullglormonein the blood after eating. Activates storage