'lSaqPChapter 7: ProteinOverview of Protein. Body is made up of thousands of proteinsare the building blocks of proteinscarbon, hydrogen, and o{ygen nghOqd"k, and N\0,1r$Proriides essentialform of nit\nnlr*ainS body functions(in the form of amino acids)aStructure of ProteinAmino Acidsu -3"*aa-r i>qe o( 6e\|t*'tian cr"7Contain flI - rrmre5ftJ't\i0fl, amino acids (11)Body can produceNot needed in the dietQeessentialamino acids. Essentidl during infancy, disease or traErma4 * q€ef,\Hol- amino acids {9}J . M"st be taken in via food. Cannot be synthesized bythe bodyProtein synthesis is S\ooef, if an AA is missingHow Are Proteins Made? r \Proteins are long chains or Atrico0cfi&s t)rt^+A' o lt-" Aou',tAmino acids are joined to each other by Ff*iAo bmc\s rh,.41g ^: btrdsThe structure of each protein is dictated uv irri DN A of a gene Jsl$-r ah 4 zbHow Are Proteins Made? - aJheF;*\ \&Yrtrf\O,\\CJl: mRNA copies the genetic information from DNAT: the genetic information in RNA is converted into theamino acids sequence of a proteinSynthesis of Protein * OsetUt dtG^wur.*l4o 6cr'ti'cnprotein organization -$$ :s *=^1 , tt ,', *ne\. Primary Structurec^r|,n - sequen."ot ftrrrtnoqcth qt$@'@@b' Determin", S@- \\on^;^* 5 n J-. Secondary Structure ' @irnco << qN S4kfo\t'v . How AA sequence fold up locally :rl*' Tertiary Structure vo.tir,_ EJ/. j -D folding of the t"c6ilU".vkructural3'D elementso;",,1"";1nffi,";PS r t . ex. Hemoglobin, secondary structure is reproduced in 3 or 4spotsHow Are Proteins Made?Profern -1-Wnuref${$Protein $rflJL*tr.,t-t determines function. Amino acid sequence50\"$Q 3-dimensional shape_-l=-. S\ttpu?tsA.us bond to form a larger protein. GeneticDiseases' \r !@Some genetic diseases can result in protein abnormalities (i.e. S\c,l(z\ cz9(anemia). Synthesis of Non Essential Amino Acidsf\fr'\Asn uvu ,AlrtfCIn. IgSpgS; of an qrry'tih€ group from an amino acid to a carbonskeleton to form a new amino acidTp otrrtnnti{on. Amino acid.lpqine a_n amine group. Amine e ,out1!ffirporateJ 'n.o tLN& in the. Excreted in urineSources of ProteinDiet and recycling of body proteini*bcqhAiloortta.. -7U1" supplied by meat, poultry, fish, milk and milk products,legumes and nutsWorldwide. 6olo of protein comes fromd"\it r^1,How to incorporate more plant protein? <^"e<Ur! g\ar*gcllcir.vs Ar".'"^.^-4. Proteins in the DietForall essentialamino acids must be available. Essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply' Slows down or halts protein synthesis 161 ' ffi-]proteins in the Diet lgsqnd -) ts-q-l, \nfgg,0f#C .f rotein:does not contain all essential amino acidsNot sufficient for growth and healthConsidered a "" protein-=SS$gi&* protein: contains sufficient amounts of all 9 essential aminoacids. Derived from animaland soy protein. Considered a "I protein. New proteins are nnde. Existing protein are-4{$@&d- to provide the building blocksfor new proteinsaComplementary Protffi. Complementory proteins: two or more foods that together supply all 9 essentialamino acids for a complete protein I ZerAa/li.\*ffi.wCs,ra; nt k \t-ira =\1:l^""(stu.)Lnt*t ytlclie-:;$n<-+\ iar'\\cqProtein ote"rtioflg:ffi€-r' CK'Pcttt€ nna-c+-Lz:S lst.*'t (i brrorern orcE3tffpegrns rn Tne sromacn r " r l. f€l*S.'hormone secreted by stomach lining cells that stimulatesgastric juice production. @Iisreaks down protein structure and activates' fl1f,Eb: an enzyme that breaks down proteins into shortpcilypeptides and amino acidsProteins areLx_ " eq3 €cw. clPa-+o.^rbri-r<. Heat/acid/base/enzymes results in-a-lteration of the protein's three-dimensionalstructure - VnCO-$e\: 'r+,rrftqinq "rta.s$en3\rrt <16'61;n $^a.-+-Protein Digestion @ trJ€ can brea'l*' &-" JDigestion continues in the small intestineRelease ot L(*Kstimulates €r,nereo.ktc enzymes, catled cne*qces , complete thedigestion of p'roteins into single amjno acids 5o{lr, di- ant4ri- fefrdeSfr\FS{r .among others, into the d,tlOAt.rU,nn. Polypeptides ) peptides ) amino acidsProtein AbsorptionFinal site of digestion is rrricrorfitr,f surface and within gbsocPts^<- cells. Breaks down di- and tri-peptides into single amino acids. S(lfut transport. Amino acids are sent to the \rlrcC. Via F"rl*$ (vein) circulationAbsorption\ntttrk protein. During infancy, babies don't digest protein as well as adultst d r . So protein is absorbed intactr f .r . )o proretn ts aosoroeo tnIacT:il* Exposing infants to So\th food too early (priorle (/'mon+$s 1,I t may present fr,of ry\efaieS. Development of) food allergiesMetabolismof AminoAcids reL'tfli'3oi+ * .. - - o<5 zrn \n\nd'!/\Recovery states - RDA. ,B- hiu bodv weisht-Endurance or strength athletes - RDA. B^ \Il t/rq body weightAMDR for proteinRecommended lntakes of ProteinProtein RequirementsAdults - RDAQrtr frP'Yffi**H' l-:^BW-\ J /6!'*r.r;.enJ@^\"r &\IY " GLr*y .,o,it '..iu^r"ffiF;;' .,r'k.tY',t-/4'^"^h;--^"b,,/V groj'c'rio*3ll-Q.&{c^+1*\e*rb,. \o to 15 percent of energy for adults-'\\\LCalculate the RDA. RDA0.8 gmlkg of healthy body weight154lb. = 70 kg2.2Uellb.70 kg x 0.8 g protein = 55 g protein f-^A^.1Functions of ProteinsCell arcxr;th, Vp0r.ir . NrCr-lnkrunOeTEnzymes and hormones€\ritr and e \stlrr6\lt( balancepH balance (acid/base balance)Antibodies to protect against diseaseEnergy source {4 kca/gram; non-preferred source} -rrkeccqn onard Coarlo or,,- b.-:Jr)Nutrient .trAfsfrfl and SCfqqaA\r'co n.Ttn ^o).i= (."u*..*,* .f;.r.ru. ft*..o,r-.*r b e..s-r-..)Health ConcernsProtein-Energy Maln utrition {PEM}n+*F . $\etfalvrrul - $,ke-ty_l ,ug. MinirnafihrountJof ene{9l - Q,rcklA and other nutrientsOf.6c^n '\ewqSt".?ctrvlrr- fto+- stenrurinT g,ry6N*+lv i j,ns* pwle"in. Minimalamountsof proteinanU {6oAt,raft "n"igyO"lticit dgFr'cisft{. High Protein Diets€.AZwra, \rnS\c.ncscjn. Diets high in protein from 6.nlrnaQ. sources are associated with highCbYll\ps\rd. Low fiber intake'#. High protein diets MAY cause excess @Sdrur-h excretion in urine,leading to bone lossIn\(lTJal,t UlStdSeHigh protein diets are associated with an increased risk of kidney diseaseEspecially for people who may be susceptible to kidney disease (rr-ir".<n:-1e5e). Foodfailo. requires water'_ "Eagrutr* tryls,efig',{* 'gil!I!t!,ft"wist and !qi!k_Vegetarian Diets - h*,,uo \ t.,or^^r.:,Types of Vegetarians . J *tra'll -s.*+c411 , dto. V{OSn -d."' L ad" -o.ro- w.rcp.t"in6 Lor-cto -wo}e+u.ni*'sProtein AllergiesFood proteins t-fi.!-tg#rd) cause "n ifnWUr"nt. response *eating anallergic reaction8 foods account for Q0% of all food