Anatomy and Physiology Exam 3 1 1 Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue Blood is a transport fluid of the body and is 55 plasma water proteins and waste and 45 forced elements which are much denser These are the RBC s millions and WBC s thousands So if you centrifuge it the densest RBS s move to the bottom the WBC s move to the middle and the plasma is on the surface Connective because it arises from the mesoderm 2 List eight functions of blood Transport oxygen waste gases nutrients hormones maintain BP maintain pH immune defense 3 Discuss the composition and functions of plasma Plasma is mostly water 92 and proteins like albumin Rest is an insignificant waste products 4 Describe the structure function and production of erythrocytes These are red blood cells The structure is they lack all organelles meaning no mitochondria so no use of oxygen They are concave discs with high surface are to maximize oxygen binding They just transport oxygen on their many hemoglobin molecules Erythopoesis is the body s production of RBC in the bone marrow Hypoxia stimulates it via EPO hormone release from the kidneys Erythopoesis rate is measured via amount of reticulocytes in the circulation these are immature RBC s Because they have a lifespan of 120 days they are continuously destroyed and remade 5 Describe the chemical makeup of hemoglobin Transporter of oxygen in RBC Millions in each RBC and they have 4 iron carrying subunits that carry an oxygen molecule each 6 Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes Explain what goes wrong in each disorder Tony Berardi 2 Anemia is characterized by a low RBC amount or hemoglobin usually from low iron intake increases iron loss or massive blood loss Polycythemia is a unnatural high RBC count Can be from high altitude training body adapts to the low oxygen in the air or from blood dopin introduce RBC into the body with drugs Sickle cell is an autoimmune disorder where the RBC is altered via one amino acid change glutamate to valine and this leads to a sickle shape in the RBC This decreases surface are tremendously thus oxygen carrying capacity is lowered significantly 7 List the classes structural characteristics and functions of leukocytes The body contains a much smaller amount of theses divided into neutrophils 60 ish eisonophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes 25 ish Two class granular ophil ones and agranular Neutrophils digest all bacteria eisonophils are for parasites and allergy basophils are for inflammatory monocytes are the major phagocyets for debris in the body and the lymphocytes are the B and T cells in the immune system specific immune responses to disease Too many lymphocytes means a viral infection leukocyotosis Too liitle is leucopenia and is a sign of malnutrition or some disease that attacks leukocytes They have the usual organelles but no hemoglobin meaning they are not for oxygen transport 8 Describe how leukocytes are produced You start with a stem cell in the bone marrow this turns into a myeloid stem cells then into colony forming granule cells and then to all the granular leukocytes The agranular form via lymphoid stem cells short life span clotting Tony Berardi 9 Describe the structure and function of platelets These serve to cover damaged areas and repair them They arise from a huge cell called a megakaryocyte This will split in the bone marrow to many platelets which have no nucleus Very 10 Describe the processes of hemostasis List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable This is the process of the body to stop bleeding So first say a vessel is damaged first the vessel will constrict called vascular spasm Then those platelets will adhere to the damaged area to from a plug 3 Then finally there will be clotting via certain proteins in the blood Clotting is called coagulation and it s a huge cascade that will eventually lead to an insoluble clot Two pathways are worth noting An extrinsic which is simpler A trauma to the tissue leads to a release of tissue factor and this will activate factor X This will cause prothrombin to become thrombin and then fibrinogen to fibrin The intrinsic is slower and eventually leads to factor X activation So they both have a common point Calcium is important for this mechanism An undesirable clot is called thrombosis or a thrombus The body has a mechanism called fibrinolysis to dissolve unwanted clots This is done through the molecule plasmin 11 Give examples of hemostatic disorders Indicate the cause of each condition Some things that can lead to thrombosis trauma infection atherosclerosis hardening of the artery So you want smooth arteries good blood flow and non sticky platelets If the clot happens to break off the artery and travel in the blood stream it is now an embolism If it occludes blood flow to the carotid stroke or lungs BAD 12 Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups Explain the basis of transfusion reactions These are antigens that are expressed on all RBC that differ is people A bloodtype express the A antigen B express the B antigen AB express both and O express neither This is important in blood transfusions as an A type express anti B antibodies B type expresses anti A AB type expresses none and O type expresses both What this means is that if an A type person is given blood from a B type their immune system will attack the blood and destroy it since they have anti B antibodies Same with B type they cannot have A type blood cause their body will attack it Since AB type s express no antibodies they can have all blood types Since O express both anti A and B they can only receive another O type So A type people can only have blood from other A people and from O people since O has no antigen on the RBC B people can only receive blood from another B and O person Rh is another protein means they don t have it means they do Really only important in pregnancies because a mother that is might have an baby This means upon birth the baby s blood will mix with the mothers so she will create anti Rh antibodies against the Rh of the baby s blood Then if her second baby is these antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetus blood not good This is called an hemolytic disease of the newborn HDN Tony Berardi 13 Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use This is how blood is transferred to another individual when needed The blood is
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