BSCI 124 EXAM 1 LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION The Scientific Method 1 Observation based on previous data 2 Hypothesis testable statement tentative assumption 3 Theory hypothesis that survived tests explanatory power 4 Law no data found in disagreement Biology is the scientific study of life Living things are Highly organized Maintain stable chemical composition Take energy from the environment Respond to stimuli Grow develop Reproduce sexual or asexual Show variation based on heredity Evolve adapt to environment and way of life What is a plant o Multi cellular organism o Cellulose rich cell wall o Chlorophyll photosynthesis o Adapted to life on land LECTURE 2 THE CELL Cell Macromolecules The molecules of life The cell is made of four biologically important molecules 1 Carbohydrates sugars starches cellulose a Organic molecules composed of C H O 1 2 1 ratio b Most abundant of life s molecules c 3 types of carbohydrates i Mono saccharides 1 Simple sugars of 3 to 6 carbons 2 Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose Ribose ii Di saccharides 1 Composed of two monosaccharide s 2 Sucrose C12H22O11 Maltose 2 glucose Lactose Milk iii Poly saccharides 1 Long chain of monosaccharide s 2 Starch energy storage 3 Cellulose plant cell wall wood paper cloth d Functions Energy storage in C H bonds structure in plants carbon source to make other molecules 2 Lipids fats oils waxes steroids phospholipids a Composed of C O H atoms b Fats and oils insoluble are made from two building blocks i Glycerol molecule ii Fatty Acid c Fats are solid lipids at room temperature oils are liquid lipids d Lipids DO NOT dissolve in water e Phospholipids similar to fats oils but contain phosphorous f Fatty acid chain tail is hydrophobic water hating Phosphate group makes head hydrophilic water loving g Steroids i Composed of 4 carbon rings ii Structurally different h Function of lipids i High energy food ii Part of cell membrane iii Energy storage 1 Mono glyceride glycerol 1 fatty acid chain 2 Di gylceride monoglyceride 2nd fatty acid chain 3 Tri gylceride diglyceride 3rd fatty acid chain most energy 3 Proteins composed of amino acids a Large complex molecules b Composed of C H O S N c Building blocks are amino acids 20 d Function i Building blocks of cells ii Transport control what passes through plasma membrane iii Animal structure iv Enzymes to speed up chemical reactions 4 Nucleic acids DNA RNA blueprint for life a Large organic molecules b Composed of C H O P N c Basic unit Nucleotide i Sugar ii Phosphate iii Nitrogenous base d Long chains of nucleotides i DNA carries information about the entire cell ii RNA copy of DNA e ATP role of energy transfer exchange f Function i Information storage ii Energy carrier ATP All of life s molecules share the same four characteristics 1 Carbon based 2 Formed from a few elements C H O P N 3 Modular construction 4 Their function depends on STRUCTURE THE PLANT CELL What is a Cell Basic building block of living organisms Form tissues and organs Each cell is functionally independent Uses sugars to get energy to stay alive Contains all necessary info to replicate produce multicellular organism Can make a whole plant from a single cell Cell Theory o Cell is the basic unit of life o Organisms are composed of cells o Cells arise from other cells 2 types of cells organism 1 Prokaryotic Simple cells that lack organelles bacteria smaller older 2 Eukaryotic Have organelles 10 100 times bigger more recent Plant Cells vs Animal Cells plant cells have 4 things animal cells do not o Cell Walls o Chloroplasts o Plasmodesmata o Vacuoles Cell Wall o Protects and supports cell o Made of cellulose o Allows water and other molecules to pass through o Primary vs Secondary Cell Wall o Primary formed early located on outermost layer o Secondary deposited on the inside between primary cell wall and plasma membrane o Middle lamella what glues adjacent cells together Plasmodesmata o Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells o Allow for the movement of materials from cell to cell Cell plasma Membrane o Lipid bi layer hydrophilic head outer hydrophobic tail inside o Differentially permeable lets water pass through but not other molecules o Fluid Mosaic Model a double layer of phospholipids with scattered proteins Inside the Plant Cell Cytosol a matrix of water 90 proteins organic molecules ions Cytoplasm cytosol and organelles only Protoplast The entire plant cell enclosed by the cell wall plasma membrane cytosol organelles Cytoskeleton microtubules microfilaments network of protein cables that provide structure to the cell help in cell division and elongation and mitosis Plant Cell Organelles membrane bound sub compartments within the cell 1 Nucleus contains all genetic information DNA in chromosomes a Chromosomes DNA and proteins b Produce ribosome s 2 Mitochondria provides energy to cell by converting sugars into chemical energy powerhouse of the cell 3 Chloroplasts site for photosynthesis a Produce sugars from carbon dioxide water and sunlight b Contain chlorophyll which makes the plant green outer edge 4 Vacuole stores a water solution of sugars salts acids and proteins a Makes up 90 of plant cell volume b Makes turgid c Has its own membrane called tonoplast d Often acidic content 5 Ribosome s site of protein synthesis a Use information contained in DNA to produce proteins b Not membrane bound 6 Endoplasmic Reticulum a Network of folded membrane throughout the cytoplasm b Smooth ER lacks ribosome s used for packaging and transport of proteins also to make lipids c Rough ER has ribosome s for protein synthesis 7 Golgi Apparatus stack of flattened hollow membrane sacs UPS of the cell a Modifies proteins lipids from the ER b Packages these materials in vesicles to the plasma membrane Endosymbiont Theory Chloroplasts and mitochondria are The same size as bacteria Have there own DNA Divide similarly decedents of once free living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells establishing a symbiotic relationship mutually beneficial LECTURE 3 PLANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy study of the organisms looking at cells tissues Physiology study of the functions of cells tissues organs of living things and the physics chemistry of these functions Plant Anatomy Cells o Plant cells are basic building blocks o Specialize in form and function o Together they form tissue that can support each other and survive o Levels of organization o Atoms molecules cells tissues organs whole plant Plant TISSUE types 4 all plant organs are