GSS MIDTERM 1 REVIEW NOTES1. How many forces need to be applied to a body in space to keep it moving with a constant velocity?- NONE, because no forces need to be applied. (Newton’s Law of Inertia)2. Thinking about the real sizes of the planets and the Sun and their distances from each other, which of the following best describes the Solar System?- The solar system is mostly comprised of empty space (the universe is HUGE compared to the planets!!)3. The diameter of the hydrogen atom, 0.00000000011 meters, can be written in scientific notation as:- 1.1 x 10 ^-10 m4. In 1676, Romer measure the speed of light by:- Timing eclipses of Jupiter’s moons, which appeared to occur later when the Earth was farther from Jupiter (just associate Romer with Jupiter’s moons!!)5. The curiousity rover is on the surface of Mars currently, Mars exerts a certainamount of gravitational force on the rover to hold the rover to the planet’s surface. How much gravitational force does the rover exert on Mars?- The same amount as Mars exerts on it. (Newton’s 3rd Law; for every action, there is an opposite/equal reaction)6. Why do we see different phases of the moon?- The motion of the moon in it’s orbit around the Earth causes us to see different amounts of the sunlit side of the moon. (RED = key words!!)7. How are wavelength, frequency, and energy related for light waves?- Shorter wavelength means higher frequency and higher energy (wavelength = inversely proportional to frequency and energy!!)8. Suppose that a planet of the same mass as the Earth was orbiting the Sun at a distance of 5 AU. The gravitational force on this planet would be:- 1/25 of the gravitational force the Sun exerts on the earth (because of the distance ^2 portion of the equation!!)9. Moon phase picture example (things to remember):- left side= waning (getting smaller)- right side= waxing (getting bigger)- New moon= between sun & Earth!!10. For electromagnetic radiation, which one of the following is true when comparing gamma rays and radio waves?- The radio waves would have longer wavelength and travel the same speed as gamma rays (b/c all wavelengths have SAME speed!!)11. In class, we saw a picture of astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson floating in the International Space Station, Which of the following best explains why she is weightless in the space station?- Only one force (gravity), is acting upon her, but she is also moving at a high “sideways” velocity, so her inertia of motion is trying to keep her moving at a constant velocity: as a result, she is in orbit.12. (Question is too long to type) Remember all wavelengths are detected at same time b/c they all travel at same speed!!13. The observed position of the Sun relative to the background stars changes slightly each day because:- of the motion of the Earth around the Sun (b/c it changes the way welook at the sun and what stars we see)14. Hemisphere titled towards sun=summer (diagram)15. “theory” is best described as:- a former hypothesis that was tested many times and always found tobe correct, so scientists now rely upon it as true.16. If you carefully observe the rise and set times of a star over several nights, you will measure that each star rise about 4 minutes earlier each night, what component of the Earth’s motion causes this?- it’s orbit around the sun17. Distance btwn. Earth and sun does NOT cause seasons b/c:- Earth’s periphelion (point on rotation when closest to sun) is in January, and if distance theory was true, it would be in periphelion during summer.- The distance from Earth to Sun during diff. seasons is too insignificantly small to make a difference- Northern and Southern Hemisphere experience opposite seasons, if distance were cause, both hemispheres would experience the same seasons at the same time.GOOD LUCK!!! Happy Studying!!!
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