#36: The Solar Nebula HypothesisOutline the sequence of events in the formation of the solar system according to the solar nebula hypothesis. It may help to sketch what is going on at each step.1. The solar system originally started out as an interstellar dust cloud, which then collapsed due to gravity (and possibly an external shockwave from a supernova). The cloud is not very dense, lightyears across, and made mostly of hydrogen and helium gas (with some trace ices, rocks and metals). (+1 pts)2. The solar nebula quickly flattened to a disk, due to collisions of particles. It picked up angular speed as it collapsed, due to the conservation of angular momentum. (+2 pts)3. In the center of the compressing disk, the densities, pressures and temperatures rise, and we begin to form a protostar. (+1 pts)4. Rocky grains where the only thing able to condense within the frost/ice line, due to the high temperatures close to the protostar. Further out, beyond the ice line, hydrogen compounds (such as water ice) were able to condense into planetesimals, in addition to rocks and metals. (+2 pts)5. These grains and planetesimals start to collide and accrete onto one another. This builds up larger and larger planetary seeds, while simultaneously clearing out the solar system. (+1 pts)6. Terrestrial planets formed from the rocky and metallic planetesimals available within the ice line. Since rocks/metals were a minority component of the original solar nebula, they don’t get that massive, compared to the Jovian planets. (+1 pts)7. Jovian planets formed out of icey planetesimals beyond the ice line. Since there was moreice available then rocks, Jovian planets could grow larger than their terrestrial counterparts. They grew so large that their gravity was able to pull in and hold onto hydrogen and helium gas still left in the solar nebula. These systems sort of looked like miniature solar nebulae of their own – forming moons and rings out of the debris. (+1 pts)8. The solar system clears out when the Sun ignites fusion in its core. The massive solar wind generated in this process pushes a lot of the left over gas out of the solar system, and the newly formed planets sweep up the rest. (+1 pts)Notes:- It was not necessary to draw a diagram. If you did, it must have been supplemented by a description to get full credit.- If you went above and beyond and described some of the original reasons for the solar nebula hypothesis, or did an extra examination of moons or rings (in depth), then you mayhave garnered an extra point for this. This was at the discretion of the grader.Common Misconceptions:- The Big Bang Theory does give us the ratios of elements for our solar nebula, but it is fundamentally different than the solar nebula hypothesis, and is mostly irrelevant. There was no “Big Bang” within the solar nebula hypothesis.- Gravity is always acting in the solar system – even during its formation. Objects just don’t spontaneously fall into orbits. Objects are always in orbit around the common center of mass (which for this problem, starts off as the center of the gas cloud, then becomes the protostar, and later the Sun).- Angular momentum is always conserved. During the collapse of the solar nebula, while it does speed up its rotation, it is not gaining angular momentum – it is keeping it constant. This is analogous to a figure skater spinning with her arms out, then pulling them in, and speeding up their spin.- There is no “conservation of gravity.” Energy, Mass, Momentum, and Angular Momentum are the only conserved quantities in nature.- There is no explosion in the solar nebula hypothesis. The protostar never explodes, and the nebula never explodes. In fact if anything, everything’s always collapsing. A supernova explosion outside of the solar nebula may trigger the initial collapse, but once it’s going there’s no exploding going on.- The solar nebula hypothesis is different than the life cycle of stars, and how stars recycle material. The solar nebula hypothesis explains the formation of our Sun and the planets and other solar system
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