Meristem region of embryonic tissue capable of developing new parts of the BSCI124 Terms to Know plant Life Molecules o 1 Carbohydrates sugars starches o 2 Lipids fat oils waxes o 3 Proteins amino acids o 4 Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Life s molecules are A carbon based B made up of C H O P N C created by smaller molecules that are built up D function depends on structure structure depends on function o Carbohydrates Organic molecules made of C O H Most abundant life molecule 3 types monosaccharide o glucose blood sugar fructose fruit ribose DNA disaccharides two monosaccharides o sucrose table sugar maltose 2 monosaccharide RNA lactose milk polysaccharides long string of monosaccharides o starch energy storage cellulose plant cell walls CnH2nOn Function of Carbohydrates A energy storage B structure in plants C acids like nucleic and amino acids o Lipids Made up of C O H sometimes P Fats and oils made up of 2 building blocks 1 Glycerol 2 Fatty acids single bonds flat ex butter double bounds bent ex oil DO NOT dissolve in water Hydrophobic tails hydrophilic heads Function of Lipids A high energy food B part of the cell membrane C energy storage of lipids o i monoglycerides glycerol fatty acid chain o ii Diglycerides monoglyceride 2 fatty acid chain o iii Triglyceride diglycerides 3 fatty acid chain triglycerides have highest energy o Proteins Made up of C H O S N Building blocks of proteins are amino acids there are 20 Function of Proteins Animal structure Building blocks of cells Enzymes speed up the process Transport help decide what makes it through the Plasma o Nucleic Acids Membrane Organic molecules made up of C H O P N Basic unit is a nucleotide made of 3 parts 1 Phosphate 2 Nitrogenous base 3 Sugar long chains of nucleotides examples DNA RNA nucleotide compound ATP ATP energy transfer exchange o Functions of Nucleotides Information storage DNA RNA Energy carrier ATP Cell basic building block of all living things o Each cell is functionally independent o Cell Theory 1 Basic unit of life 2 Organisms are composed of cells 3 Cells are composed of other cells o Two Types of Cells A Prokaryotic Cells bacteria cells much older and smaller have no organelles B Eukaryotic Cells cells of animals plants etc younger cells that are 10 100 times bigger than Prokaryotic cells that are made up of organelles o Difference between animal and plant cells 1 Cell walls protects and supports the cell made out of cellulose primary cell wall outermost wall secondary cell wall second layer of cell wall plasma membrane middle lamella paste like substance that holds two different cells together 2 Vacuole water solution of sugars that makes up 90 of plant cell volume 3 Chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place 4 Plasmodesmata passageway between cells o Cell membrane also called plasma membrane lipid bi layer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that had proteins floating around to allow passage throughout the membrane o Cytosol matrix of water in cell membrane o Cytoplasm where cytosol and organelles are o Protoplast name of the whole plant cell enclosed by the cell wall Nucleus area where all genetic information was stored o Chromosomes DNA storage o Nucleolus where ribosome were formed Ribosome site for protein synthesis use information contained in Mitochondria sugars are transformed into energy Chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place contains chlorophyll which DNA makes the plant green Endoplasmic Reticulum ER a network of sacs that manufactures processes and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell o Smooth ER lacks ribosomes used to package and transport proteins o Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus distribution and shipping department for the cell s chemical products It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export as outside of the cell Endosymbiont Theory chloroplasts and mitochondria are descendents of prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells was mutually beneficial relationship Plant Anatomy study of structure of a plant organelles Plant Physiology study of function of cells in a plant 3 types of plant tissue o 1 Dermal tissue outermost tissue epidermis outermost dermis skin cuticle Casparian strip waxy cover to help protect the tissue Trichomes root hairs help water and nutrient absorption o 2 Vascular transport system xylem transports water from roots to stems and leaves cells are dead and only have cell wall tracheids long pipe like structures vessel short wide tubes phloem transports dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant cells are alive STM sieve tube members make up phloem Companion cells help load materials into STM Sieve tube plates pores of STM o 3 Ground tissue bulk of inner layer metabolism storage support Plant tissue in the plant o Roots Dermis have an epidermis that protects and absorbs Root cap tubular extensions of epidermal cells Root hairs to help absorb water and minerals Ground tissue cortex supports and stores sugars and starches Endodermis innermost layer of the cortex Casparian strip similar to cuticle waxy helps keep water out and let in minerals needed for xylem o Stems Herbaceous vs woody Dermis Epidermis Cuticle Root hairs trichomes o Leaves stem Dermis Vascular vascular tissue located on the outside of trees Vascular bundles where xylem and phloem are o Xylem conducts water o Phloem conducts food Vascular cambium area between the xylem and the phoem Ground tissue Stores food site of photosynthesis Blade flat expanded area petiole stalk that connects leaf blade to Epidermis is transparent Cuticle trichomes Lower epidermis with stomata pores that are used to let out gas Vascular Veins composed of xylem phloem and bundle sheaths photosynthetic cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf They form a protective covering on leaf veins and consist of one or more cell layers Ground tissue leaf mesophyll Middle area of the cell composed of two photosynthetic ground cells o Palisade parenchyma long tubes that have lots of chloroplasts and photosynthesis o Spongy parenchyma spherical cells with air spaces for gas exchange Water transports through cohesive forces to other cells then adhesive forces of xylem cells attaching to walls Transpiration cohesion theory evaporation causes sucking force that pulls water molecules up to the surface o Water molecules pull each other in a chain moves thanks to sun Sugar