ments ments CHAPTER 7 1 mentia a aphasia UNIT 3 EXAM CHAPTER 3 1 Explain the motor speech process a movement plan program retrieved from memory b sent to motor control areas c transmitted to muscles and structures of the speech mechanism d nerve impulses modified throughout the process to ensure precise smooth muscle move e internal and external sensory information allows monitoring and modification of move Differentiate between aphasia right hemisphere damage traumatic brain injury and di i without language ii problems in auditory comprehension and word retrieval are common to all aphasia iii may affect speaking listening reading and or writing iv hyperfluent speech very rapid speech with few pauses v severity ranges and cause does as well b right hemisphere damage i group of deficits resulting from right cerebral hemisphere injury ii individual may exhibit unusual behavior iii cognitive deficits and communication problems iv right plays a role in semantics and pragmatics 1 characteristics a not as obvious as left hemisphere b neglect information from left unrealistic denial of illness impaired judgement lack of motivation inattention c traumatic brain injury i disruption in normal functioning caused by a blow or jolt to head or penetrating head injury ii characteristics functioning 1 affects attention orientation memory reasoning problem solving and executive 2 common symptoms anomia and impaired comprehension 3 adult behaviors similar to injured children 4 pragmatics is the most disturbed language area 5 deficits speech voice and swallowing difficulties 6 physical signs difficulty walking poor coordination and vision problems iii lifespan issues 1 most individuals will not reach full recovery 2 initially they may be nonresponsive and need assistance in hospitals gradually they will begin to respond to stimuli and recognize familiar individuals and they will later be able to remain alert for short periods of time and hold short conversations and finally will be able to consistently act socially appropriate and plan initiate and complete both familiar and unfamiliar tasks d dementia i an acquired group of pathological conditions and syndromes characterized by intel lectual decline due to neurological causes ii divided into cortical and subcortical 1 cortical Alzheimer s and Pick s disease and resembles focal impairments of apha 2 subcortical Parkinson s and Huntington s disease MS and AIDS related en sia cephalopathy 2 Deficits that occur with aphasia concomitant or accompanying a hemiparesis weakness on one side of the body b hemiplegia paralysis on one side of the body c hemisensory impairment a loss of the ability to perceive sensory information on one side of the body sions d hemianopsia blindness in the right visual field of each eye in individuals with deep le e dysphagia difficulty chewing or swallowing f agnosia difficulty understanding incoming sensory information g agrammatism omission of grammatical elements h agraphia difficulty writing i alexia reading problems j anomia difficulty naming entities k jargon meaningless or irrelevant speech with typical intonational patterns l neologism a novel word m paraphasia word substitutions found in clients who may talk fluently and gramatically n verbal stereotype an expression repeated over and over 3 Different types of aphasia and stroke a fluent aphasia i characterized by word substitutions neologisms and often verbose verbal output ii lesions tend to be in the posterior portions of the left hemisphere iii subtypes Wernicke s aphasia Anomic aphasia Conduction aphasia Transcortical sensory aphasia and Subcortical aphasia b nonfluent aphasia i characterized by slow labored speech and struggle to retrieve words or form sen tences c Stroke ble ii site of lesion is generally in frontal lobe iii subtypes Broca s aphasia Transcortical motor aphasia and global or mixed aphasia i common cause of aphasia ii ischemic stroke blockage of the arteries transporting blood to the brain 1 cerebral arteriosclerosis thickening of the walls of cerebral arteries in which elas ticity is lost or reduced the walls become weakened and blood flow is restricted 2 emobolism obstructed blood flow caused by blood clot fatty materials or air bub 3 thrombosis plaque buildup or blood clot formed on site and does not travel which causes blood flow to be restricted iii hemorrhagic stroke weakened arterial walls burst under pressure 1 aneurysm saclike bulging in a weakened artery wall 2 arteriovenous malformation poorly formed tangle of arteries and veins CHAPTER 8 1 a normal disfluencies Differenced between fluent and stuttered speech i at age 2 whole word repetitions interjections and syllable repetitions are common ii revisions are the dominant disfluency type when child reaches 3 years old iii normal disfluencies persist throughout the course of one s life b shuttered disfluencies stuttering involves audible or silent repetitions and prolongations i ii tense pauses and hesitations within and between words may also be regarded as iii within word and between word disfluencies and the cardinal features of stuttering iv secondary characteristics 1 eye blinking facial grimacing or tension and exaggerated movements of head shoulders and arms 2 interjected speech fragments 3 speaker may have adopted behaviors to minimize stuttering 2 Describe onset and development of stuttering a developmental stuttering most common form begins in preschool years b neurogenic stuttering typically associated with neurological disease or trauma c four phases i phase one preschool years 2 6 years 1 periods of stuttering followed by periods of fluency 2 child stutters when upset excited or under pressure 3 sound and syllable repetitions are a dominant feature 4 stuttering at the beginning of sentences clauses and phrases 5 most children are unaware ii phase two elementary school years 1 stuttering essentially chronic or habitual few intervals of fluent speech 2 child refers to themselves as stutterer 3 increases under conditions of excitement iii phase three 8 years young adulthood 1 stuttering in response to certain situations 2 some words are more difficult than others 3 little evidence for fear embarrassment or avoidance iv phase four 1 stuttering in its most advanced form 2 primary characteristic vivid and fearful anticipation of stuttering 3 certain sounds words and speaking situations feared or avoided 4 evidence of embarrassment CHAPTER 9 1 Describe the perceptual signs of a