BSCI Exam II Study Guide Lecture 8 Plant Diversity I Plant Systematics A Sometimes only used in a geographic area B Scientific names a Genus similar plant species plural genera b Genera families orders classes divisions kingdoms King David Came Over For Great Spaghetti C Binomial each species has a single correct scientific name two names always italicized or underlined a Homo genus sapiens species II Taxonomic Hierarchy A Species characteristics are grouped into a genus B Related genera that share combos of traits are grouped into families and so on C 6 Kingdoms 3 domains Achaea Eubacteria and Eukaryota a Archaebacteria b Eubacteria true bacteria c Protista d Plantae e Fungi f Animalia D Plant Divisions 10 a Bryophyte mosses liverworts b Psylophyta c Lycophyta club mosses d Sphenophyta horsetails e Trophy ferns f Cycadophyta cycads g Ginghophyta Ginkgo biloba h Confirophyta conifers i Genetophyta gnetophytes j Magnoliophyta flowering plants III Concept of Species A Species a set of individuals that are closely related by descent from a common ancestor and ordinarily can reproduce with each other but not with members of any other species dog can mate with dog but not a cat B Morphical species concept based on the morphical features body parts shape size C Biological species concept group of interbreeding populations fertile offspring D Evolutionary species concept group of individuals with a common evolutionary lineage E Polypoidy more than the diploid of chromosomes reason why even though plants look the same the cannot interbreed ferns primrose F Carolus Linnaeus Father of systematic botany a Compared flower parts to human sexuality b Binomal system of nomenclature classifed 12 000 plants and animals IV Evolution genetic change in a population of organisms that occurs over time often adapting to an environment or way of life A Evolutionary changes may be genetically inherited not acquired B Creationism all organisms were specically created unchanging C Jean Baptiste Lamark complexity a Proposed theory that organisms were driven by some inner force toward greater b Lamarckism holds that traits acquired or diminished during the lifetime of an organism can be passed to its offspring based off 2 observations i ii Use it or lose it individuals lose characteristics they do not require and develop those which are useful inheritance of acquired traits individuals inherit the acquired traits of their ancestors iii Example the stretching by giraffes to reach leaves leads to offspring with D Charles Darwin longer necks a On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection very influential text that causes many debates b Natural Selection 4 premises VOCS i Variation members of a population have individual diffs that are inheritable key is sexual reproduction ii Over production natural populations reproduce geometrically producing much more offspring that will survive iii Competition individuals compete for limited resources iv Survival to reproduce only those individuals that are better suited to the environment survive and reproduce survival of the fittest v Works on the individual phenotype which in turn changes the population gene pool c Artificial Selection selective breeding as practiced by humans on domesticated plants and animals dogs V Rates of Evolution A 2 interpretations about the pace speed of evolution based on the fossil record a 1 Gradualism traditional view that states evolution occurs as a slow steady b 2 Punctuated Equillibrium evolution proceeds with periods of inactivity accumulation of changes in organism followed by periods of rapid evolution i ii long periods of stasis no change in species fossil record is evidence only of Morphology structure while evolution encompasses this ecology biochem and behavioral changes Lecture 9 Evidence for Evolution and Plant Adaptations I 3 Types of Natural Selection A Directional selection one trait at the extreme of the range is favored over individuals with the average or opposite extreme of the trait B Stabilizing selection the average trait is favored over the extreme traits C Disruptive selection the extreme traits are favored over individuals with the average trait Evidence for Evolution can be font in extant living organisms II A Comparative Anatomy a Homologous organs organs similar in form in different organisms due to a common evolutionary origin i Share same common origin but may have different functions ex same bone structure found in a human arm bat wing dolphin flipper etc ii Lettuce leaves pea tendrils have diff functions but same origin b Analogous organs organs that have similar look functions in diff organisms but do not share common evolutionary origin i Wings of insects vs wings in birds ii In Plants similar function of tendrils climbing but diff origin c Convergent evolution the process by which unrelated organisms in a similar environment evolve similar adaptive structures and physiol ex cacti d Vestigial organs organs or parts of organs that are non functional and i Loses function no selective advantage to have it in snakes whales ii In humans wisdom teeth appendix B Mimicry a harmless species may resemble a dangerous species some moths degenerate resemble wasps C Protective Coloration coloration that allows an organism to blend with environment In plants stoneplants in SW Africa resemble stones to protect against herbivores a D Developmental Biology early embryos of diff mammal species look very much alike they share common features E Biogeography unequal distribution of organisms on earth a Endemic species species that occur only in a particular area and are usually rare F Biochemistry Molecular Biology a Genes provide evolutionary record b If we evolved from the same ancestor we should have the same i Genetic molecule DNA ii way to use DNA dogma iii portions of DNA III IV Fossils evidence for evolution from extinct organisms any trace left behind by an organism most preserved in sedimentary rocks have simplest life forms A Fossil Record records for last 4 billion yrs Evolution not complete but ever growing Adaptations traits that promote the survival and reproduction success of an organism in a particular environment A Specific anatomical physiological or biochemical structures mechanisms that arise during evolution as a response to specific environmental pressures B May originate as mutations in one organism C Organisms adapt to a specific niche place in the environment D Examples of Plant Adaptations a