Chapter 5: Membranes (I & II)1. What is a membrane and what is its function?a. Boundary layers of cells and organelles inside cells2. What are the parts of a membrane and how do they function?a. Phospholipid Bilayer - hydrophilic head, hydrophobic taili. Amphipathic - one part philic one part phobicb. Transmembrane Proteins - throughout the phospholipid bilayersi. Have hydrophobic propertiesii. Amino acid is the polypeptideiii. Transport things in and out through membranec. Interior Protein Networkd. Cell-Surface Markers3. What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?a. Membrane components are not stationary and is made up of multiple pieces andbits and parts ; phospholipids, membranes, and other macromolecules4. Describe the variables that can affect membrane fluidity?a. Temperature : warm- more fluid, cold- vicious (stiff)i. As heat increases you're more fluidb. Fatty acid tail structurei. Unsaturated, saturatedc. Cholesteroli. Non polar,so can insert with tailii. Add space, more fluid5. Explain the example of winter wheat.a. Can grow in cold weatherb. In summer is full of saturated fatty acid but in winter keeps unsaturated fatty acidtails switches out to maintain fluidity6. What types of membrane proteins are there and what are their properties?a. Integral transmembrane proteins - go outside cell thru membrane out celli. Regions of a single protein embedded in membraneb. Peripheral anchored proteins - anchored outside the cell7. How do things move through a membrane and what are key characteristics that helpdetermine this?a. Selective permeability - small, nonpolar, small uncharged cani. Big or ions cant8. How do things get through a membrane?a. Diffusion9. How does active transport compare to passive transport?a. Active transport is from high to low concentrationi. Requires energyb. Passive transport is from low to high concentrationi. No energy needed10. How does the concentration gradient influence passive vs. active transport?a. Active transport is fought against by the concentration gradient11. What is facilitated diffusion, what proteins are associated with it, & how do those work?a. Diffusion of molecules/ions across the cell membrane by using transport proteinsi. Channel proteins - provide channel for molecules in membrane membrane1. Hydrophilic corea. Aquaporins - transport waterii. Carrier proteins - carry molecules to other side of membrane12. What moves through the membrane if solutes cannot? What is this process called?a. Osmosis (passive transport) moves water when the solvent can’ti. Moves big solutes13. What are the different types of tonicity? Can you recognize what would happen to a cellif it was put into different solutions?Tonicity is when water needs to balance in certain solutionsa. Isotonic - equal concentration moves equally in both directions, water goes bothways, cell stays same size and all are same sizeb. Hypotonic - lower concentration outside of the cell because all the water goes intothe cell, cell gets bigger because of water going into cellc. Hypertonic - a much higher concentration outside of the cell and in order tobalance out the water will go where there is more solutes, meaning out of cell14. What are the repercussions of different concentrations [c] of solute on plant vs. animalcells?a. Plant cells in hypertonic solution pull awayb. Animal cells in hypotonic solution burst15. What proteins are required for active transport?a. Active transport needs energy and uses ATP, carrier proteins16. Explain how the sodium/potassium pump works.a. Need potassium like the ones in cells and want to get sodium out of cells but havemore concentration outside of cell, because moving up concentration to high -need energy.b. First pump opens up inside cell with binding sites that are for sodium and oncethose fill with sodium ATP comes along and adds phosphatei. Anytime a phosphate is added to something it's called beingphosphorylatedii. Causes protein to change shape and opens up to outside environment butno longer has binding site for sodium and the sodium pops off because ithates being thereiii. At same time other binding sites open up that are perfect for potassiumand it binds changing the look of the protein (changing shape) but thepotassium is sick of it and pops off too creating a cell with more potassiumand the pump shuts down17. What is membrane potential and how does it arise?a. Differential change of or voltage on either side of membraneb. Difference manifests itself in positive and negative charging meaning one is morepositive than the other making one pretty much negative18. How does the concentration gradient and membrane potential influence how coupledtransport works?a. Opposite side of membrane pulls protons back in and as they pull back in it can beused to power a particular protein or bring in other thingsb. Positive always wants negative and negative always wants positive19. What is bulk transport? Why is it used?Transporting big things through a cell membrane1. Endocytosis - things are interesting the cella. Phagocytosis - brings in particlesb. Pinocytosis - bringing in bulk form liquids20. What are the different types of bulk transport and what/how do they transport?a. Endocytosis - things are interesting the celli. Phagocytosis - brings in particlesii. Pinocytosis - bringing in bulk form liquidsiii. Receptor mediated endocytosis - brings in target molecules once enoughare bound to receptors, good for rare moleculesb. Exocytosis - discharges materials from the celli. Spills out of cell because of merging to nothingChapter 6: Energy & Metabolism1. What is cellular metabolism?a. Metabolism can relate how we break down food for metabolism but really meansthat particular chemical reactions are used to breakdown moleculesb. Encompasses all chemical reactions in the cell2. What are Kinetic and Potential energy? What kinds of energy are associated with each?a. Energy is the capacity to do work and rearrange matteri. Kinetic energy moves an object and produces heat (like sweating andrunning), also produces light (sun to planet we on)ii. Potential energy - energy associated with location or structure of object;structure like a spring1. Rearrangement of chemical bonds going from high unstablepotential energy bonds to low potential energy stable bondsa. These can be harnessed to do work3. Describe in your own words the 1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and how they relateto Biology?a. The concepts of energy in biology are universal and consistent with the