LIFE 102 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Proteins (continued)II. Nucleic AcidsIII. Review of large biological moleculesOutline of Current Lecture (CH. 6 pt 1)I. Cells in generalII. Prokaryotes III. EukaryotesIV. The endomembrane systemCurrent LectureCh. 6 pt. 1: A Tour of the CellI. Cells in general: A. Features common to all cells: Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomesa. Most cells are 1 um – 100 um (1 um = 1/1,000,000 of a meter)B. A large surface-to-volume is needed to allow for optical exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of cellsC. Studying cells with Microscopy: a. Light microscope:i. Bright field can use stained or unstained cellsii. Florescence: specific molecules in the cell have fluorescent labelsiii. Confocal: uses lasers and special optics for “optical sectioning” of fluorescently stained specimensiv. Phase-contrast: useful for studying living, un-pigmented cellsb. Electron microscope (EM):i. Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen (Transmission EM, 2D) or onto its surface (Scanning EM, 3D) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Organisms are made of one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryoticII. ProkaryotesA. Present in ALL bacteriaB. No nucleus and no membrane-bound organellesC. Do have a “nucleoid”, cytoplasm, membrane, cell wallD. Include domains Bacteria and ArchaeaIII. Eukaryotes: A. Includes: protists, fungi, animals, plantsB. Have DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear in envelopeC. Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleusD. Specialized cell compartments separated by a membranea. Advantage: increased division of laborb. Phospholipid bilayer creates compartments for both the cells outer membrane and for the organellesE. Membrane bound organelles:a. Similar to organs in our bodiesi. Each carious out a specific, specialized functionb. Nucleus: Present in all eukaryotesi. Nuclear envelope: double membrane surrounding nucleusii. Pore complex: connects nucleus to cytoplasmiii. Chromosomes: DNA (genetic information)c. Ribosomes: large complexes of protein and RNA (they make protein)i. Instructions to make proteins are in the DNA in the nucleusii. They carry out the instructions with the aid of certain RNA moleculesiii. Most are “free” in the cytosoliv. Some are bound to the Endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear membraneF. The endomembrane system: regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functionsa. Components: i. Nuclear envelopeii. Endoplasmic reticulumiii. Golgi apparatusiv. Lysosomesv. Vacuolesvi. Plasma membrane*These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by