LIFE102 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture (CH. 4)I. Carbon based moleculesII. Carbon is the building block tor lifeIII. Variations in carbon skeletonsIV. Functional side groups of carbon compoundsV. ATP: an important source of energy for cellular processes Outline of Current Lecture (CH. 5)I. MacromoleculesII. CarbohydratesIII. LipidsIV. Protein structure: polymers of amino acidsCurrent Lecture (CH. 5)CHAPTER 5: LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESI. Macromolecules: “Big”—4 major types CarbohydratesA. ProteinsB. Nucleic acidsC. Lipidsa. Around 1,000 Daltons, where as the other three are greater than 100,000 DaltonsD. The architecture of large biological molecules helps explain how that moleculeworksE. Most macromolecules are a. Polymers, which are strings of monomersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Repeating building blocks linked by covalent bondsF. Dehydration reaction (synthesis): a. Removes a water molecule, forming a new bondb. Similar to condensation on a water bottleG. Hydrolysis (disassembly):a. Adds a water molecule, breaking a bondII. Carbohydrates:A. Sugars and their polymers that serves as fuel and building materialB. Polysaccharides: “many” “sugars” up to >100,000 unitsa. Structure: polymers of monosaccharides (polysaccharides are a whole train, and monosaccharides are the individual train cars)b. Most 5-Carbon and 6-Carbon sugars form ring structuresi. The reaction to form the ring is reversible: you can make bonds and you can break bondsc. Disaccharides: i. Examples: maltose and sucrose (the sugar in beer and table sugar)C. -Glucose and -glucose: 2 forms glucose that differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to carbon #1a. Starch: polymer of -glucose (stored plant energy)b. Cellulose: polymer of -glucose (structure for plants)D. Functions of polysaccharides:a. Energy storage (fuel):i. Starch—plantsii. Glycogen-animals b. Support (structure):i. Cellulose-plantsii. Chitin-animals, insects, crustaceansII. LipidsA. Not polymers, not as big, hydrophobicB. Biologically important lipids:a. Fatsb. Phospholipidsc. Steroids C. Fatsa. Glycerol +3 fatty acid chains ---“triglycerides”i. Dehydration synthesis reactions attach the 3 fatty acids to the glycerolb. Hydrophobic due to the non-polar C-H bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids c. Saturated Fats: “saturated with Hydrogen”i. Solid at room temperatureii. Why? There are no double bonds so they can pack tightly togetherd. Unsaturated Fats:i. Liquid at room temperatureii. Double bonds add kinks and can’t pack together close enough to solidifye. Functions of fats:i. Energy storage, protection, and insulationD. Phospholipids:a. Structure: Hydrophilic head + 2 hydrophobic tailsb. Phospholipid bilayers from membranesInsert diagram, the hydrophilic heads will interact with water and keep the hydrophobic tails on the inside away from the waterE. Steroids: cholesterol and cholesterol-derived moleculesa. Characterized by four rings with side groupsb. Cholesterol: keeps cell membranes “fluid”c. Steroids: derived from cholesteroli. Vertebrate sex hormones like Testosterone and EstradiolIII. Proteins: the most structurally-sophisticated molecules knownA. Polymers of Amino acidsAmino group carboxyl groupR= side groupB. 20 different amino acids in proteinsa. Depending on the side group (R), an amino acid can be:i. Non-polar or Polar-Carbonii. Uncharged or chargediii. Acidic or