LIFE 102 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)II. Golgi ApparatusIII. LysosomesIV. VacuoleV. Review of endomembrane conceptVI. Non-Endomembrane OrganellesOutline of Current Lecture (CH. 6 pt. 3)I. Other structures in Eukaryotic cellsII. Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers throughout the cellIII. Extracellular components and connections between all cells help coordinate cellular activities IV. The cell: a living unit greater than the sum of its partsCurrent LectureOther structures in Eukaryotic cells (besides organelles)I. Macromolecular structures:A. Support- cytoskeletonB. Cell-cell interactionsC. Extracellular components*Not membrane-enclosed, these are not organellesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers throughout the cellI. In all EukaryotesII. Functions: Support and movementA. Organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organellesIII. Made of 3 Components:A. Microtubules: Thick, straight, hollow fibers of “Tubulin”a. Functions: Cellular support and movement, organelle/vesicle movement, spindle formation b. Molecular molecules can attach to fibers allowing movementB. Microfilaments: Thin, solid rods of “Actin”a. Functions: temporary structures, contractioni. Use myosin motor moleculesb. Microfilament-Driven Motion:i. Muscle contractionii. Cell movementiii. Cytoplasmic streaming C. Intermediate Filaments: Solid rods of “Keratin”a. Functions:i. Permanent structures ii. Maintain cell shapeExtracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activitiesI. Most cells synthesize and secrete material that are external to the plasma membraneII. These extracellular structures include:A. Cell walls of plantsB. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cellsC. Intercellular junctionsIII. Plants: Cell Wall A. Functions:a. Protects the plant cellb. Maintains its shapec. Prevents excessive uptake of waterd. Cellulose fibers help to support cellsB. Plant cell wall layers:a. Middle lamellab. Primary wallc. Secondary wallIV. Animals: Extracellular MatrixA. Made primarily of glycoproteinsB. Functions:a. Supportb. Adhesion/Anchoragec. Movementd. Signaling to/between cellsV. Intercellular JunctionsA. Neighboring cells in issues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact and communicate through direct physical contactB. Intercellular junctions facilitate this contactC. There are several types:a. Plasmodesmata (plant cells)b. Tight junctions {------- animal cellsc. Desmosomes { -------- animal cellsd. Gap junctions {--------- animal cellsD. Plasmodesmata a. Cytoplasmic connections between cells (transport of molecules) b. Contact points between PLANT cellsE. Tight Junctions a. Functions:i. Prevent fluid transport across cell layerii. Prevents mixing of contents from 2 compartmentsiii. Example: keeps our skin water tightF. Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)a. Function: i. Hold cells together by linking intermediate filaments of adjoining cells G. Gap junctionsa. “Communication junction”b. Function:i. Cytoplasmic connections for molecular transportc. Similar to plasmodesmata in plant cellsThe Cell: A living unit greater than the sum of its partsI. Cells rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to functionII. Example: a macrophage’s ability to destroy bacteria involves the whole cell, coordinating components such as the cytoskeleton, lysosomes, and plasma