LIFE102 Attributes of Living Systems Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture (CH. 3) I. Water is cohesiveII. Water moderates temperaturesIII. Water expands upon freezingIV. Water is an excellent solventV. pH affects all living organisms Outline of Current Lecture (CH. 4) I. Carbon based moleculesII. Carbon is the building block tor lifeIII. Variations in carbon skeletonsIV. Functional side groups of carbon compoundsV. ATP: an important source of energy for cellular processes Current LectureCHAPTER 4: CARBON AND ORGANIC MOLECULESI. Carbon based moleculesA. The dry matter of organisms consists mainly of organic molecules: carbon based moleculesa. Examples: proteins, DNA, fats, sugars, acids, etc…II. Carbon is the building block for lifeA. Needs 4 electrons to fill valence shell (it is tetravalent)B. Capable of making 4 chemical bondsa. Which can create large, complex and diverse moleculesC. Carbon Skeleton: How individual carbons are joined “Architecture”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.D. Side Groups: Accessories to the carbon skeletonb. These both vary which influence their functionIII. Variations in Carbon SkeletonsA.B. Isomers: molecules that have the same atomic composition (same # of atomsof the same types of elements) but different structures and therefore different propertiesa. Structural isomers: same atomic composition but different carbon skeletonb. Double bonds: vary in locationc. Cis-trans isomers: variation in arrangement of side groups around a double bondd. Enantiomers: mirror-images, like left and right handsi. They are 3 dimensionally different, they cannot be superimposed over one anotherii. They are important when designing effective drugs…one of theenantiomers would be 100x more effective than it’s mirror image1. Example: L-Dopa is used to treat Parkinson’s disease, d-dopa is ineffectiveC. Ring structures:a. Structural formulas omit the carbons and the attached hydrogenIV. Functional Side groups of carbon compounds: A. Hdroxyl groups (polar)B. Carbonyl groups (polar)C. Carboxyl groups (acid)D. Amino groups (base)E. Sulfhydryl groups (bind other sulfhydryl groups)F. Phosphate groups (polar, reactive)G. Methyl groups (non-polar)…not technically a functional group because it doesn’t take part in a chemical reaction, but it affect the expression of genesH. CHANGES IN SIDE GROUPS CAN HAVE A HUGE AFFECT: it can affect whether or not your male or female for exampleV. ATP: an important source of energy for cellular processesA. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell a. Consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of 3 phosphate groupsReacts with