LIFE 102 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture (CH. 5 pt. 1)I. MacromoleculesII. CarbohydratesIII. LipidsIV. Protein structure: polymers of amino acidsOutline of Current Lecture (CH. 5 pt. 2)I. Proteins (continued)II. Nucleic AcidsIII. Review of large biological moleculesCurrent Lecture (CH. 5 pt. 2)Proteins (continued)I. Peptide bondsA. Link individual amino acidsII. Levels of protein structure: the activity of proteins result from the intricate 3D architecture A. Primary Structure: a series of amino acids that are peptide bonded to each othera. “String of pearls”b. the amino acid sequence determines the 3D structureB. Secondary Structure: the amino acids form a “ribbon” and curl or fold on itselfC. Tertiary Structure: The curls or folded sections are expressed in 3D formD. Quaternary Structure: one or more tertiary structures are arranged in a 3D structureE. Forces that stabilize tertiary structure:a. Hydrogen bondsb. Hydrophobic bondsc. Disulfide bridgesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Ionic bondsIII. Functions of ProteinsA. Enzymes a. Proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactionsi. Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food moleculesB. AntibodiesC. Structural proteinsD. Contractile proteinsE. Transport proteinsF. Cell communicationG. Denaturation: loss of protein conformationa. Loss of protein functionb. Can be irreversiblec. Causes: heat, pH, chemical conditionsNucleic AcidsI. DNAA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)a. Provides directions for it’s own replicationb. Directs synthesis of a messenger RNA (mRNA), and through mRNA controls protein synthesisi. Protein synthesis occurs on the ribosomesB. DNA structurea. Double stranded helixb. Types of bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), Citosine (C)C. Nitrogenous basesa. Purines: A, G –two ringsb. Pyrimidines: C, U, T – one ringc. A purine always “base pairs” with a pyrimidined. Tip to remember: Learning the bases is Pu re AGony, I’d rather CUT a py.D. DNA strands: are complimentary and antiparallel E. Function of DNA: to carry genetic information (genes)a. DNA directs RNA synthesis, RNA directs protein synthesisb. DNA  RNA ProteinIV. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)A. Structure: similar to DNA except A, C, G, and uracil (U)B. Functions:a. mRNA: information  ribosomesb. rRNA: component of ribosomesc. tRNA: carries individual acids to