LIFE 102 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cells in generalII. Prokaryotes III. EukaryotesIV. The endomembrane systemOutline of Current Lecture (Ch.6 pt. 2)I. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)II. Golgi ApparatusIII. LysosomesIV. VacuoleV. Review of endomembrane conceptVI. Non-Endomembrane OrganellesCurrent LectureI. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): membrane network system continuous with nuclear envelopeA. Smooth ER: no ribosomesB. Rough ER: studded with ribosomesC. ER lumen: space within a tubeD. ER uses ribosomes to pack proteins in vesicles and send the vesicle to its next destinationa. Most common destination: Golgi ApparatusThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Vesicle formation: Vesicle can bud off one membrane and fuse with another (the contents are transported)II. Golgi Apparatus: Stacks of flattened membrane sacsA. “Shipping and Receiving Center”a. Golgi is polar so…b. Receiving surface (cis face) and Shipping surface (trans face)B. It modifies proteinsa. Adding sugar groups: “glycosylation”b. Adding phosphate groupsC. Functions of added groups: a. “Address label” for proper destinationb. Alter protein/lipid functionD. Ships proteins off to final destinationa. Plasma membraneb. Secretion (outside the cell)c. Lysosomes/VacuolesIII. Lysosomes: Digestive Enzyme VesiclesA. What does it digest?a. Damaged organelles (autophagy)b. Food particles taken up by phagocytosisB. Lysosomes are found in ANIMAL cellsIV. Vacuole: Large ER/Golgi derived vesiclesA. Used for sturdiness and storage of:a. Ionsb. Metabolitesc. Pigmentsd. ToxinsB. Found in PLANT cells*Lysosomes and Vacuoles have similar properties, but they are found in different types of cellsV. Review of Endomembrane Concept: it is a complex and dynamic player in the cell’s compartmental organization.V. Non-Endomembrane OrganellesA. Mitochondria:a. Chemical Conversion:i. They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristaeii. The inner membrane creates two compartments: Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix iii. Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrixiv. Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATPb. Found in all eukaryotesc. Energy production via “respiration” d. Respirationsugar + O2  CO2 + H2O + energyB. Choloroplasts: a. Capture of light energyi. They contain the green pigment called chlorophyll as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis ii. They are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algaeb. Consist of Stroma, a 2-membrane envelope, and a thylakoid membranec. Photosynthesis:CO2 + H2O  sugar + O2 Light- Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are the same chemical reaction but reverse of each other- The Endosymbiont Theory says that eukaryotes evolved out of prokaryotes by engulfing the mitochondria/chloroplast of a prokaryote. Evidence of this is the fact that mitochondria and chloroplast are semi-autonomus, and that they both have their own DNA separate from the cell nucleusC. Peroxisomes: oxidationa. Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membraneb. They produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to waterc. They perform reactions with many different functionsd. Found in all Eukaryotese. Have a single membrane and crystalline appearance f. Functions:i. Fatty acid breakdown  fuel for mitochondriaii. Detoxification alcohol and other poisons, hydrogen from poison to