The Human Body Anatomy and Physiology Part A 1 1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology the study of the function of the body s structural machinery 2 Anatomy Gross Regional all structures in one part of the body such as the abdomen or leg Systemic gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin 3 Anatomy Microscopic Cytology study of the cell Histology study of tissues 4 Anatomy Developmental Traces structural changes throughout life Embryology study of developmental changes of the body before birth 5 Anatomy Specialized Branches of Anatomy Pathological anatomy study of structural changes caused by disease Radiographic anatomy study of internal structures visualized by X ray Molecular biology study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level 6 Physiology Considers the operation of specific organ systems Renal kidney function Neurophysiology workings of the nervous system Cardiovascular operation of the heart and blood vessels Focuses on the functions of the body often at the cellular or molecular level 7 Physiology Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics which explains electrical currents blood pressure and the way muscle uses bone for movement 8 Principle of Complementarity Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form For example Thumb 9 Levels of Structural Organization Chemical atoms combined to form molecules Cellular cells are made of molecules Tissue consists of similar types of cells Organ made up of different types of tissues Organ system consists of different organs that work closely together Organismal made up of the organ systems 10 Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Heart Cardiovascular system Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Blood vessels Blood vessel organ 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs 11 that work together closely Figure 1 1 Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system Forms the external body covering Composed of the skin sweat glands oil glands hair and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D 12 Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal system Composed of bone cartilage and ligaments Protects and supports body organs Provides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals 13 Organ Systems of the Body Muscular system Composed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat 14 Organ Systems of the Body Nervous system Composed of the brain spinal column and nerves Is the fast acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands 15 Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular system Composed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body 16 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic system Composed of red bone marrow thymus spleen lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with immunity 17 Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system Composed of the nasal cavity pharynx trachea bronchi and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide 18 Organ Systems of the Body Digestive system Composed of the oral cavity esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus and liver Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces 19 Organ Systems of the Body Urinary system Composed of kidneys ureters urinary bladder and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water electrolyte and pH balance of the blood 20 Organ Systems of the Body Male reproductive system Composed of prostate gland penis testes scrotum and ductus deferens Main function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract 21 Organ Systems of the Body Female reproductive system Composed of mammary glands ovaries uterine tubes uterus and vagina Main function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn 22 Organ Systems Interrelationships The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment Digestive and respiratory systems in contact with the external environment take in nutrients and oxygen 23 Organ Systems Interrelationships Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems 24 Figure 1 2 Necessary Life Functions I Maintaining boundaries the internal environment remains distinct from the external Cellular level accomplished by plasma membranes Organismal level accomplished by the skin Movement locomotion propulsion peristalsis and contractility Responsiveness ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them Digestion breakdown of ingested foodstuffs 25 Necessary Life Functions II Metabolism all the chemical reactions that occur in the body increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream Excretion removal of wastes from the body Reproduction cellular and organismal levels Cellular an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells Organismal sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person Growth increase in size of a body part or of the organism 26 Survival Needs Nutrients chemical substances used for energy and cell building Oxygen needed for metabolic reactions Water provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions Maintaining normal body temperature necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates Atmospheric pressure required for proper breathing and gas