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3Cell TheoryStructure of a Generalized CellPlasma MembraneFluid Mosaic ModelSlide 6Functions of Membrane ProteinsSlide 8Plasma Membrane SurfacesLipid RaftsMembrane JunctionsMembrane Junctions: Tight JunctionMembrane Junctions: DesmosomeMembrane Junctions: Gap JunctionSlide 15Passive Membrane Transport: DiffusionSlide 17CarriersDiffusion Through the Plasma MembranePassive Membrane Transport: OsmosisEffect of Membrane Permeability on Diffusion and OsmosisSlide 22Passive Membrane Transport: FiltrationEffects of Solutions of Varying TonicitySodium-Potassium PumpActive TransportTypes of Active TransportSlide 28Slide 29Vesicular TransportSlide 31Slide 32ExocytosisClathrin-Mediated EndocytosisPassive Membrane Transport – ReviewActive Membrane Transport – ReviewMembrane PotentialGeneration and Maintenance of Membrane PotentialCell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)Roles of Membrane ReceptorsOperation of a G ProteinSlide 42Slide 43Slide 44CytoplasmCytoplasmic OrganellesMitochondriaSlide 48RibosomesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Slide 51Rough (ER)Signal Mechanism of Protein SynthesisSlide 54Slide 55Smooth ERSlide 57Golgi ApparatusSlide 59Role of the Golgi ApparatusLysosomesEndomembrane SystemSlide 63PeroxisomesCytoskeletonSlide 66MicrotubulesMicrofilamentsIntermediate FilamentsMotor MoleculesSlide 71Slide 72CentriolesSlide 74CiliaSlide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79NucleusSlide 81Nuclear EnvelopeNucleoliChromatinSlide 85Cell CycleInterphaseDNA ReplicationSlide 89Slide 90Slide 91Cell DivisionMitosisCytokinesisEarly and Late ProphaseEarly ProphaseLate ProphaseMetaphaseSlide 99AnaphaseSlide 101Telophase and CytokinesisSlide 103Control of Cell DivisionSlide 105Slide 106Slide 107Protein SynthesisFrom DNA to ProteinRoles of the Three Types of RNATranscriptionTranscription: RNA PolymeraseOverview of TranscriptionInitiation of TranslationPolypeptide Chain ElongationGenetic CodeInformation Transfer from DNA to RNASlide 118Protein DegradationExtracellular MaterialsDevelopmental Aspects of CellsSlide 12213Cells: The Living Units2Cell TheoryThe cell is the basic structural and functional unit of lifeOrganismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cellsBiochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structureContinuity of life has a cellular basis3Structure of a Generalized CellFigure 3.24Plasma MembraneSeparates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluidsPlays a dynamic role in cellular activityGlycocalyx is a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another5Fluid Mosaic ModelDouble bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteinsBilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipidsGlycolipids are lipids with bound carbohydratePhospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic bipoles6Fluid Mosaic ModelFigure 3.37Functions of Membrane ProteinsTransport of moleculesEnzymatic activityReceptors for signal transductionFigure 3.4.18Functions of Membrane ProteinsFigure 3.4.2Intercellular adhesionCell-cell recognitionAttachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix9Plasma Membrane SurfacesDiffer in the kind and amount of lipids they containGlycolipids are found only in the outer membrane surface20% of all membrane lipid is cholesterol (fluidity)10Lipid RaftsMake up 20% of the outer membrane surfaceComposed of sphingolipids and cholesterolAre concentrating platforms for cell-signaling molecules11Membrane JunctionsTight junction – impermeable junction that encircles the cell Desmosome – anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cellsGap junction – a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cellsTogether, these promote a coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community12Membrane Junctions: Tight JunctionFigure 3.5a13Membrane Junctions: DesmosomeFigure 3.5b14Membrane Junctions: Gap JunctionFigure 3.5c153Cells: The Living UnitsPlasma Membrane16Passive Membrane Transport: DiffusionSimple diffusion – nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayerDiffuse through channel proteins17Passive Membrane Transport: DiffusionFacilitated diffusion Transport of glucose, amino acids, and ionsTransported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels18CarriersAre integral transmembrane proteinsShow specificity for certain polar molecules including sugars and amino acids19Diffusion Through the Plasma MembraneFigure 3.720Passive Membrane Transport: OsmosisOccurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membraneOsmolarity – total concentration of solute particles in a solutionTonicity – how a solution affects cell volume21Effect of Membrane Permeability on Diffusion and OsmosisFigure 3.8a22Effect of Membrane Permeability on Diffusion and OsmosisFigure 3.8b23Passive Membrane Transport: FiltrationThe passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressurePressure gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area24Effects of Solutions of Varying TonicityIsotonic – solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosolHypertonic – solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosolHypotonic – solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol25Binding of cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump protein stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.1234Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its shape.The shape change expels Na+ to the outside, and extracellular K+ binds.5Loss of phosphate restores the original conformation of the pump protein.K+ binding triggers release of the phosphate group.6K+ is released and Na+ sites are ready to bind Na+ again; the cycle repeats.Concentration gradients of K+ and Na+Extracellular fluidCytoplasmSodium-Potassium PumpFigure 3.1026Active TransportUses ATP to move solutes across a membraneRequires carrier proteins27Types of Active TransportSymport system – two substances are moved across a membrane in the same directionAntiport system – two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions28Types of Active TransportPrimary active transport – hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational changeSecondary
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