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ESSEX BIO 121 - BIO 121 Lecture Notes

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11Nervous SystemSlide 3Organization of the Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System (PNS): Two Functional DivisionsMotor Division: Two Main PartsHistology of Nerve TissueSupporting Cells: NeurogliaAstrocytesSlide 10Microglia and Ependymal CellsSlide 12Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells, and Satellite CellsSlide 14Neurons (Nerve Cells)Slide 16Nerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)ProcessesDendrites of Motor NeuronsAxons: StructureAxons: FunctionMyelin SheathMyelin Sheath and Neurilemma: FormationSlide 24Nodes of Ranvier (Neurofibral Nodes)Unmyelinated AxonsAxons of the CNSRegions of the Brain and Spinal CordNeuron ClassificationSlide 30Comparison of Structural Classes of NeuronsSlide 32Slide 33NeurophysiologySlide 35Electricity DefinitionsElectrical Current and the BodyRole of Ion ChannelsOperation of a Gated ChannelSlide 40Operation of a Voltage-Gated ChannelSlide 42Gated ChannelsElectrochemical GradientResting Membrane Potential (Vr)Slide 46Membrane Potentials: SignalsChanges in Membrane PotentialSlide 49Graded PotentialsSlide 51Slide 52Slide 53Action Potentials (APs)Action Potential: Resting StateAction Potential: Depolarization PhaseAction Potential: Repolarization PhaseAction Potential: HyperpolarizationAction Potential: Role of the Sodium-Potassium PumpPhases of the Action PotentialPropagation of an Action Potential (Time = 0ms)Slide 62Propagation of an Action Potential (Time = 1ms)Slide 64Propagation of an Action Potential (Time = 2ms)Slide 66Threshold and Action PotentialsCoding for Stimulus IntensitySlide 69Slide 70Absolute Refractory PeriodSlide 72Relative Refractory PeriodConduction Velocities of AxonsSaltatory ConductionSlide 76Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Multiple Sclerosis: TreatmentSlide 79Nerve Fiber ClassificationSynapsesSlide 82Types of SynapsesElectrical SynapsesChemical SynapsesSynaptic CleftSynaptic Cleft: Information TransferSlide 88Termination of Neurotransmitter EffectsSynaptic DelayPostsynaptic PotentialsExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsSlide 93Inhibitory Synapses and IPSPsSlide 95SummationSlide 97Slide 98NeurotransmittersChemical NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters: AcetylcholineNeurotransmitters: Biogenic AminesSynthesis of CatecholaminesNeurotransmitters: Amino AcidsNeurotransmitters: PeptidesNeurotransmitters: Novel MessengersSlide 107Functional Classification of NeurotransmittersSlide 109Neurotransmitter Receptor MechanismsChannel-Linked ReceptorsSlide 112G Protein-Linked ReceptorsG Protein-Linked Receptors: MechanismSlide 115G Protein-Linked Receptors: EffectsNeural Integration: Neuronal PoolsSlide 118Slide 119Types of Circuits in Neuronal PoolsSlide 121Types of Circuits in Neuronal PoolsSlide 123Patterns of Neural ProcessingSlide 125Development of NeuronsAxonal GrowthN-CAMs111Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous TissuePart A2Nervous SystemThe master controlling and communicating system of the bodyFunctionsSensory input – monitoring stimuli occurring inside and outside the body Integration – interpretation of sensory inputMotor output – response to stimuli by activating effector organs3Nervous SystemFigure 11.14Organization of the Nervous SystemCentral nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cordIntegration and command center Peripheral nervous system (PNS)Paired spinal and cranial nervesCarries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain5Sensory (afferent) divisionSensory afferent fibers – carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brainVisceral afferent fibers – transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain Motor (efferent) division Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organsPeripheral Nervous System (PNS): Two Functional Divisions6Somatic nervous systemConscious control of skeletal musclesAutonomic nervous system (ANS)Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandsDivisions – sympathetic and parasympatheticMotor Division: Two Main Parts7The two principal cell types of the nervous system are:Neurons – excitable cells that transmit electrical signalsSupporting cells – cells that surround and wrap neuronsHistology of Nerve Tissue8The supporting cells (neuroglia or glial cells):Provide a supportive scaffolding for neuronsSegregate and insulate neuronsGuide young neurons to the proper connections Promote health and growthSupporting Cells: Neuroglia9Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cellsThey cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover capillariesFunctionally, they:Support and brace neuronsAnchor neurons to their nutrient suppliesGuide migration of young neuronsControl the chemical environment by buffering the potassium and recapturing neurotransmittersAstrocytes10AstrocytesFigure 11.3a11Microglia – small, ovoid cells with spiny processesPhagocytes that monitor the health of neuronsEpendymal cells – range in shape from squamous to columnarThey line the central cavities of the brain and spinal columnThey help circulate the cerebrospinal fluidMicroglia and Ependymal Cells12Microglia and Ependymal CellsFigure 11.3b, c13Oligodendrocytes – branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) – surround fibers of the PNSSatellite cells surround neuron cell bodies with gangliaOligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells, and Satellite Cells14Figure 11.3d, eOligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells, and Satellite Cells15Structural units of the nervous systemComposed of a body, axon, and dendritesLong-lived, amitotic, and have a high metabolic rateTheir plasma membrane functions in:Electrical signaling Cell-to-cell signaling during developmentNeurons (Nerve Cells)16Neurons (Nerve Cells)Figure 11.4b17Contains the nucleus and a nucleolus Is the major biosynthetic center Is the focal point for the outgrowth of neuronal processes Has no centrioles (hence its amitotic nature)Has well-developed Nissl bodies (rough ER)Contains an axon hillock – cone-shaped area from which axons ariseNerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)18Armlike extensions from the somaCalled tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNSThere are two types: axons and dendrites Processes19Short, tapering, and diffusely branched processesThey are the receptive, or input, regions of the neuron Electrical signals are conveyed as graded potentials (not action potentials)Dendrites of Motor Neurons20Slender processes of uniform diameter


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ESSEX BIO 121 - BIO 121 Lecture Notes

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