BrainSlide 2The Brain and Cranial NervesPrincipal Parts of the BrainProtective Coverings of the BrainSlide 6Blood Supply to BrainSlide 8Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Origin of CSFDrainage of CSF from VentriclesSlide 15Medulla OblongataVentral Surface of Medulla OblongataDorsal Surface of Medulla OblongataInjury to the MedullaPonsMidbrainMidbrain in SectionDorsal Surface of MidbrainSlide 24Reticular FormationSlide 26CerebellumSlide 28Slide 29Diencephalon Surrounds 3rd VentricleThalamusThalamic NucleiHypothalamusFunctions of HypothalamusEpithalamusSubthalamus & CVOSlide 37Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemispheres)Slide 39Lobes and FissuresSlide 41Cerebral White MatterBasal GangliaLimbic SystemSensory Areas of Cerebral CortexMotor Areas of Cerebral CortexAssociation Areas of Cerebral CortexHemispheric LateralizationElectroencephalogram (EEG)Slide 53Cranial NervesI -- Olfactory Nerve (S)II -- Optic Nerve (S)III = Oculomotor Nerve (S/M)IV = Trochlear Nerve (M)V = Trigeminal Nerve S/M)VI = Abducens Nerve (S/M)VII = Facial Nerve (S/M)VIII = Vestibulocochlear Nerve (S/M)IX = Glossopharyngeal Nerve (S/M)X = Vagus Nerve (S/M)XI = Spinal Accessory Nerve (S/M)XII = Hypoglossal Nerve (S/M)1BrainI. OverviewII. Brain StemIII. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Cranial Nerves2BrainI. OverviewA. FunctionB. ProtectionC. Blood SupplyD. Cerebrospinal FluidII. Brain StemIII. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Cranial Nerves3The Brain and Cranial Nerves1. Sensations2. Memory 3. Emotions 4. Decision making5. Behavior4Principal Parts of the Brain1. Cerebrum2. Diencephalona) Thalamus b) Hypothalamus 3. Cerebellum4. Brainstema) Medullab) Pons c) Midbrain CerebellumBrain StemCerebrumDiencephalon5Protective Coverings of the BrainPia MaterBonePeriosteumMeninges same as around the spinal cord1. dura mater2. arachnoid mater3. pia materArachnoid MaterPeriosteumAnd BoneDura Mater6Protective Coverings of the BrainDura mater extensions1. falx cerebri2. tentorium cerebelli3. falx cerebelliFalx cerebriFalx cerebelliTentorium cerebelli7Blood Supply to BrainArterial blood supply is branches from circle of Willis on base of brain Vessels on surface of brain----penetrate tissueUses 20% of our bodies oxygen & glucose needsblood flow to an area increases with activity in that areadeprivation of O2 for 4 min does permanent injuryat that time, lysosome release enzymeswasteCapillaryEpendymal cellsO2FluidElec.Glucose8Blood Supply to BrainBlood-brain barrier (BBB)protects cells from some toxins and pathogensproteins & antibiotics can not pass but alcohol & anesthetics dotight junctions seal together epithelial cells, continuous basement membrane, astrocyte processes covering capillarieswasteCapillaryEpendymal cellsO2FluidElec.Glucose9Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)80-150 ml (3-5oz)Clear liquid containing glucose, proteins, & ionsFunctions1. mechanical protection floats brain & softens impact with bony walls2. chemical protectionoptimal ionic concentrations for action potentials3. circulationnutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream10Origin of CSFChoroid plexus = capillaries covered by ependymal cells2 lateral ventricles, one within each cerebral hemisphereroof of 3rd ventriclefourth ventricleChoroid plexusLateral VentriclesThird VentriclesFourth Ventricles11Drainage of CSF from VentriclesOne median aperture & two lateral apertures allow CSF to exit from the interior of the brainLateral apertureMedian aperture15BrainI. OverviewII. Brain StemA. Medulla OblongataB. PonsC. MidbrainD. Reticular FormationIII. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Cranial Nerves16Medulla OblongataContinuation of spinal cordAscending sensory tractsDescending motor tractsNuclei of 5 cranial nervesCardiovascular centerforce & rate of heart beatdiameter of blood vesselsRespiratory centermedullary rhythmicity area sets basic rhythm of breathingInformation in & out of cerebellumReflex centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowing etcMedulla17Ventral Surface of Medulla OblongataVentral surface bulge pyramidslarge motor tractdecussation of most fibersleft cortex controls right musclesOlive = olivary nucleusneurons send input to cerebellumproprioceptive signalsgives precision to movements18Dorsal Surface of Medulla OblongataNucleus gracilis & nucleus cuneatus = sensory neuronsrelay information to thalamus on opposite side of brain5 cranial nerves arise from medulla -- 8 thru 12Nucleus gracilisNucleus cutaneousCN 7CN 8CN 9CN 10CN 11CN 1219Injury to the MedullaHard blow to the back of the head may be fatalCranial nerve malfunctions on same side as injury;loss of sensation or paralysis of throat or tongue; irregularities in breathing and heart rhythm20PonsOne inch longWhite fiber tracts ascend and descendPneumotaxic & apneustic areas help control breathingMiddle cerebellar peduncles carry sensory info to the cerebellumCranial nerves 5 thru 7Pons21MidbrainOne inch in lengthExtends from pons to diencephalonCerebral aqueduct connects 3rd ventricle above to 4th ventricle belowMidbrainThird ventricleFourth ventricleCerebral aqueduct22Midbrain in SectionCerebral pedunclesclusters of motor & sensory fibersSubstantia nigrahelps controls subconscious muscle activityDopamineRed nucleusrich blood supply & iron-containing pigmentcortex & cerebellum coordinate muscular movements by sending information here from the cortex and cerebellumCerebral pedunclesRed nucleusSubstantia nigra23Dorsal Surface of MidbrainCorpora quadrigemina superior colliculiinferior colliculicoordinate eye movements with visual stimulicoordinate head movements with auditory stimuliSuperior colliculiInferior colliculi24MidbrainSuperior, middle & inferior peduncles attach to brainsteminferior carries sensory information from spinal cordmiddle carries sensory fibers from cerebral cortex & basal gangliasuperior carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areasInferior pedunclesSuperior peduncles25Reticular FormationScattered nuclei in medulla, pons & midbrainReticular activating systemalerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals (sound of alarm, flash light, smoke or intruder) to awaken from sleepmaintains consciousness & helps keep you awake with stimuli from ears, eyes, skin and musclesMotor function is involvement with maintaining muscle toneReticular
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