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ESSEX BIO 121 - Brain

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BrainSlide 2The Brain and Cranial NervesPrincipal Parts of the BrainProtective Coverings of the BrainSlide 6Blood Supply to BrainSlide 8Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Origin of CSFDrainage of CSF from VentriclesSlide 15Medulla OblongataVentral Surface of Medulla OblongataDorsal Surface of Medulla OblongataInjury to the MedullaPonsMidbrainMidbrain in SectionDorsal Surface of MidbrainSlide 24Reticular FormationSlide 26CerebellumSlide 28Slide 29Diencephalon Surrounds 3rd VentricleThalamusThalamic NucleiHypothalamusFunctions of HypothalamusEpithalamusSubthalamus & CVOSlide 37Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemispheres)Slide 39Lobes and FissuresSlide 41Cerebral White MatterBasal GangliaLimbic SystemSensory Areas of Cerebral CortexMotor Areas of Cerebral CortexAssociation Areas of Cerebral CortexHemispheric LateralizationElectroencephalogram (EEG)Slide 53Cranial NervesI -- Olfactory Nerve (S)II -- Optic Nerve (S)III = Oculomotor Nerve (S/M)IV = Trochlear Nerve (M)V = Trigeminal Nerve S/M)VI = Abducens Nerve (S/M)VII = Facial Nerve (S/M)VIII = Vestibulocochlear Nerve (S/M)IX = Glossopharyngeal Nerve (S/M)X = Vagus Nerve (S/M)XI = Spinal Accessory Nerve (S/M)XII = Hypoglossal Nerve (S/M)1BrainI. OverviewII. Brain StemIII. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Cranial Nerves2BrainI. OverviewA. FunctionB. ProtectionC. Blood SupplyD. Cerebrospinal FluidII. Brain StemIII. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Cranial Nerves3The Brain and Cranial Nerves1. Sensations2. Memory 3. Emotions 4. Decision making5. Behavior4Principal Parts of the Brain1. Cerebrum2. Diencephalona) Thalamus b) Hypothalamus 3. Cerebellum4. Brainstema) Medullab) Pons c) Midbrain CerebellumBrain StemCerebrumDiencephalon5Protective Coverings of the BrainPia MaterBonePeriosteumMeninges same as around the spinal cord1. dura mater2. arachnoid mater3. pia materArachnoid MaterPeriosteumAnd BoneDura Mater6Protective Coverings of the BrainDura mater extensions1. falx cerebri2. tentorium cerebelli3. falx cerebelliFalx cerebriFalx cerebelliTentorium cerebelli7Blood Supply to BrainArterial blood supply is branches from circle of Willis on base of brain Vessels on surface of brain----penetrate tissueUses 20% of our bodies oxygen & glucose needsblood flow to an area increases with activity in that areadeprivation of O2 for 4 min does permanent injuryat that time, lysosome release enzymeswasteCapillaryEpendymal cellsO2FluidElec.Glucose8Blood Supply to BrainBlood-brain barrier (BBB)protects cells from some toxins and pathogensproteins & antibiotics can not pass but alcohol & anesthetics dotight junctions seal together epithelial cells, continuous basement membrane, astrocyte processes covering capillarieswasteCapillaryEpendymal cellsO2FluidElec.Glucose9Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)80-150 ml (3-5oz)Clear liquid containing glucose, proteins, & ionsFunctions1. mechanical protection floats brain & softens impact with bony walls2. chemical protectionoptimal ionic concentrations for action potentials3. circulationnutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream10Origin of CSFChoroid plexus = capillaries covered by ependymal cells2 lateral ventricles, one within each cerebral hemisphereroof of 3rd ventriclefourth ventricleChoroid plexusLateral VentriclesThird VentriclesFourth Ventricles11Drainage of CSF from VentriclesOne median aperture & two lateral apertures allow CSF to exit from the interior of the brainLateral apertureMedian aperture15BrainI. OverviewII. Brain StemA. Medulla OblongataB. PonsC. MidbrainD. Reticular FormationIII. CerebellumIV. DiencephalonV. CerebrumVI. Cranial Nerves16Medulla OblongataContinuation of spinal cordAscending sensory tractsDescending motor tractsNuclei of 5 cranial nervesCardiovascular centerforce & rate of heart beatdiameter of blood vesselsRespiratory centermedullary rhythmicity area sets basic rhythm of breathingInformation in & out of cerebellumReflex centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowing etcMedulla17Ventral Surface of Medulla OblongataVentral surface bulge pyramidslarge motor tractdecussation of most fibersleft cortex controls right musclesOlive = olivary nucleusneurons send input to cerebellumproprioceptive signalsgives precision to movements18Dorsal Surface of Medulla OblongataNucleus gracilis & nucleus cuneatus = sensory neuronsrelay information to thalamus on opposite side of brain5 cranial nerves arise from medulla -- 8 thru 12Nucleus gracilisNucleus cutaneousCN 7CN 8CN 9CN 10CN 11CN 1219Injury to the MedullaHard blow to the back of the head may be fatalCranial nerve malfunctions on same side as injury;loss of sensation or paralysis of throat or tongue; irregularities in breathing and heart rhythm20PonsOne inch longWhite fiber tracts ascend and descendPneumotaxic & apneustic areas help control breathingMiddle cerebellar peduncles carry sensory info to the cerebellumCranial nerves 5 thru 7Pons21MidbrainOne inch in lengthExtends from pons to diencephalonCerebral aqueduct connects 3rd ventricle above to 4th ventricle belowMidbrainThird ventricleFourth ventricleCerebral aqueduct22Midbrain in SectionCerebral pedunclesclusters of motor & sensory fibersSubstantia nigrahelps controls subconscious muscle activityDopamineRed nucleusrich blood supply & iron-containing pigmentcortex & cerebellum coordinate muscular movements by sending information here from the cortex and cerebellumCerebral pedunclesRed nucleusSubstantia nigra23Dorsal Surface of MidbrainCorpora quadrigemina superior colliculiinferior colliculicoordinate eye movements with visual stimulicoordinate head movements with auditory stimuliSuperior colliculiInferior colliculi24MidbrainSuperior, middle & inferior peduncles attach to brainsteminferior carries sensory information from spinal cordmiddle carries sensory fibers from cerebral cortex & basal gangliasuperior carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areasInferior pedunclesSuperior peduncles25Reticular FormationScattered nuclei in medulla, pons & midbrainReticular activating systemalerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals (sound of alarm, flash light, smoke or intruder) to awaken from sleepmaintains consciousness & helps keep you awake with stimuli from ears, eyes, skin and musclesMotor function is involvement with maintaining muscle toneReticular


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ESSEX BIO 121 - Brain

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