2MatterEnergyForms of EnergyEnergy Form ConversionsComposition of MatterProperties of ElementsMajor Elements of the Human BodyLesser and Trace Elements of the Human BodyAtomic StructureModels of the AtomSlide 12Identification of ElementsSlide 14Slide 15Molecules and CompoundsMixtures and SolutionsConcentration of SolutionsColloids and SuspensionsMixtures Compared with CompoundsChemical BondsChemically Inert ElementsChemically Reactive ElementsTypes of Chemical BondsIonic BondsFormation of an Ionic BondSlide 27Slide 28Covalent BondsSingle Covalent BondsDouble Covalent BondsTriple Covalent BondsPolar and Nonpolar MoleculesComparison of Ionic, Polar Covalent, and Nonpolar Covalent BondsHydrogen BondsSlide 36Chemical ReactionsExamples of Chemical ReactionsPatterns of Chemical ReactionsOxidation-Reduction (Redox) ReactionsEnergy Flow in Chemical ReactionsReversibility in Chemical ReactionsFactors Influencing Rate of Chemical ReactionsSlide 44BiochemistryInorganic: WaterSlide 47Inorganic: SaltsInorganic: Acids and BasesInorganic: Acid-Base Concentration (pH)Slide 51Inorganic: BuffersOrganic CompoundsOrganic: CarbohydratesSlide 55Slide 56Organic: LipidsOrganic: Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)Organic: Other LipidsSlide 60Organic: Representative Lipids Found in the BodyOrganic: Amino AcidsSlide 63Slide 64Organic: ProteinOrganic: Structural Levels of ProteinsSlide 67Slide 68Slide 69Organic: Fibrous and Globular ProteinsOrganic: Protein DenuaturationSlide 72Organic: Molecular Chaperones (Chaperonins)Organic: Characteristics of EnzymesSlide 75Organic: Mechanism of Enzyme ActionSlide 77Organic: Nucleic AcidsOrganic: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Organic: Structure of DNASlide 81Organic: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Organic: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Slide 84Organic: How ATP Drives Cellular Work2Chemistry Comes AlivePart AMatterThe “stuff” of the universeAnything that has mass and takes up spaceStates of matterSolid – has definite shape and volumeLiquid – has definite volume, changeable shapeGas – has changeable shape and volumeEnergyThe capacity to do work (put matter into motion)Types of energyKinetic – energy in actionPotential – energy of position; stored (inactive) energyForms of EnergyChemical – stored in the bonds of chemical substances Electrical – results from the movement of charged particlesMechanical – directly involved in moving matterRadiant or electromagnetic – energy traveling in waves (i.e., visible light, ultraviolet light, and X rays)Energy Form ConversionsEnergy is easily converted from one form to anotherDuring conversion, some energy is “lost” as heatComposition of MatterElements – unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical meansAtoms – more-or-less identical building blocks for each elementAtomic symbol – one- or two-letter chemical shorthand for each elementProperties of ElementsEach element has unique physical and chemical propertiesPhysical properties – those detected with our sensesChemical properties – pertain to the way atoms interact with one anotherMajor Elements of the Human BodyOxygen (O)Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Nitrogen (N)96% of body matterLesser and Trace Elements of the Human BodyLesser elements make up 3.9% of the body and include:Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I), and iron (Fe)Trace elements make up less than 0.01% of the bodyThey are required in minute amounts, and are found as part of enzymesAtomic StructureThe nucleus consists of neutrons and protonsNeutrons – have no charge and a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu)Protons – have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amuElectrons are found orbiting the nucleusElectrons – have a negative charge and 1/2000 the mass of a proton (0 amu)Models of the AtomPlanetary Model – electrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbitsOrbital Model – regions around the nucleus in which electrons are most likely to be foundModels of the AtomFigure 2.1Identification of ElementsAtomic number – equal to the number of protonsMass number – equal to the mass of the protons and neutronsAtomic weight – average of the mass numbers of all isotopesIsotope – atoms with same number of protons but a different number of neutronsRadioisotopes – atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivityIdentification of ElementsFigure 2.2Identification of ElementsFigure 2.3Molecules and CompoundsMolecule – two or more atoms held together by chemical bondsCompound – two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded togetherMixtures and SolutionsMixtures – two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded)Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of componentsSolvent – substance present in greatest amountSolute – substance(s) present in smaller amountsConcentration of SolutionsPercent, or parts per 100 partsMolarity, or moles per liter (M)A mole of an element or compound is equal to its atomic or molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) in gramsColloids and SuspensionsColloids, or emulsions, are heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle outExample: Jello and CytosolSuspensions are heterogeneous mixtures with visible solutes that tend to settle outExample: BloodMixtures Compared with CompoundsNo chemical bonding takes place in mixturesMost mixtures can be separated by physical meansMixtures can be heterogeneous or homogeneousCompounds cannot be separated by physical meansAll compounds are homogeneousChemical BondsElectron shells, or energy levels, surround the nucleus of an atomBonds are formed using the electrons in the outermost energy levelValence shell – outermost energy level containing chemically active electronsOctet rule – except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shellChemically Inert ElementsInert elements have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electronsFigure 2.4aChemically Reactive ElementsReactive elements do not have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electronsFigure 2.4bTypes of Chemical BondsIonic Covalent HydrogenIonic BondsIons are charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electronsAnions have gained one or more