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ESSEX BIO 121 - The Central Nervous System

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12Central Nervous System (CNS)The BrainEmbryonic DevelopmentSlide 5Primary Brain VesiclesNeural Tube and Primary Brain VesiclesSecondary Brain VesiclesSlide 9Adult Brain StructuresAdult Neural Canal RegionsSlide 12Slide 13Space Restriction and Brain DevelopmentBasic Pattern of the Central Nervous SystemSlide 16Ventricles of the BrainSlide 18Cerebral HemispheresMajor Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci of the Cerebral HemisphereSlide 21Cerebral CortexFunctional Areas of the Cerebral CortexSlide 24Slide 25Cerebral Cortex: Motor AreasPrimary Motor CortexSlide 28Premotor CortexBroca’s AreaFrontal Eye FieldSensory AreasSlide 33PrImary Somatosensory CortexPrimary Somatosensory CortexSomatosensory Association CortexVisual AreasAuditory AreasAssociation AreasSlide 40Prefrontal CortexSlide 42Language AreasGeneral (Common) Interpretation AreaVisceral Association AreaLateralization of Cortical FunctionCerebral White MatterSlide 48Fiber Tracts in White MatterSlide 50Basal NucleiSlide 52Slide 53Functions of Basal NucleiDiencephalonSlide 56ThalamusSlide 58Thalamic FunctionHypothalamusHypothalamic NucleiHypothalamic FunctionEndocrine Functions of the HypothalamusEpithalamusSlide 65Brain StemSlide 67MidbrainMidbrain NucleiSlide 70PonsSlide 72Slide 73Medulla OblongataSlide 75Medulla NucleiSlide 77The CerebellumSlide 79Anatomy of the CerebellumCerebellar PedunclesCerebellar ProcessingCerebellar Cognitive FunctionSlide 84Functional Brain SystemLimbic SystemSlide 87Limbic System: Emotion and CognitionReticular FormationSlide 90Reticular Formation: RAS and Motor FunctionBrain WavesTypes of Brain WavesSlide 94Brain Waves: State of the BrainEpilepsyEpileptic SeizuresControl of EpilepsyConsciousnessTypes of SleepTypes and Stages of Sleep: NREMTypes and Stages of Sleep: REMSleep PatternsImportance of SleepSleep DisordersMemoryMemory ProcessingStages of MemoryTransfer from STM to LTMCategories of MemorySkill MemoryStructures Involved in Fact MemoryStructures Involved in Skill MemoryMechanisms of MemorySlide 115Proposed Memory CircuitsProtection of the BrainMeningesSlide 119Dura MaterSlide 121Slide 122Arachnoid MaterSlide 124Pia MaterCerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Choroid PlexusesSlide 128Blood-Brain BarrierBlood-Brain Barrier: FunctionsCerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes)Degenerative Brain DisordersEmbryonic Development of the Spinal CordSlide 134Slide 135Spinal CordSlide 137Slide 138Slide 139Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal CordGray Matter and Spinal RootsSlide 142Gray Matter: OrganizationSlide 144White Matter in the Spinal CordWhite Matter: Pathway GeneralizationsSlide 147Main Ascending PathwaysThree Ascending PathwaysNonspecific Ascending PathwaySpecific and Posterior Spinocerebellar TractsSlide 152Descending (Motor) PathwaysThe Direct (Pyramidal) SystemSlide 155Indirect (Extrapyramidal) SystemSlide 157Extrapyramidal (Multineuronal) PathwaysSpinal Cord Trauma: ParalysisSlide 160Spinal Cord Trauma: TransectionPoliomyelitisAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)Developmental Aspects of the CNSSlide 165Slide 166112The Central Nervous SystemBrain2Central Nervous System (CNS)CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cordCephalizationElaboration of the anterior portion of the CNSIncrease in number of neurons in the headHighest level is reached in the human brain3The BrainComposed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissueSurface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem4Embryonic DevelopmentDuring the first 26 days of development: Ectoderm thickens along dorsal midline to form the neural plateThe neural plate invaginates, forming a groove flanked by neural foldsThe neural groove fuses dorsally and forms the neural tube5Surface ectoderm(a) 19 days(b) 20 days(c) 22 days(d) 26 daysNeural foldsNeural crestSurface ectodermNeural grooveNeural tubeAnterior (rostral) endEmbryonic DevelopmentFigure 12.1Level of sectionNeural plate6Primary Brain VesiclesThe anterior end of the neural tube expands and constricts to form the three primary brain vesiclesProsencephalon – the forebrainMesencephalon – the midbrainRhombencephalon – hindbrain7Neural Tube and Primary Brain VesiclesFigure 12.2a, b8Secondary Brain VesiclesIn week 5 of embryonic development, secondary brain vesicles formTelencephalon and diencephalon arise from the forebrainMesencephalon remains undividedMetencephalon and myelencephalon arise from the hindbrain9Secondary Brain VesiclesFigure 12.2c10Adult Brain StructuresFates of the secondary brain vesicles:Telencephalon – cerebrum: cortex, white matter, and basal nucleiDiencephalon – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamusMesencephalon – brain stem: midbrainMetencephalon – brain stem: ponsMyelencephalon – brain stem: medulla oblongata11Adult Neural Canal RegionsFigure 12.2c, d12Adult Neural Canal RegionsAdult structures derived from the neural canalTelencephalon – lateral ventriclesDiencephalon – third ventricleMesencephalon – cerebral aqueductMetencephalon and myelencephalon – fourth ventricle13Adult Neural Canal RegionsFigure 12.2c, e14Space Restriction and Brain DevelopmentFigure 12.315Basic Pattern of the Central Nervous SystemSpinal Cord Central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core External to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tractsBrainSimilar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matterCerebellum has gray matter in nucleiCerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex16Basic Pattern of the Central Nervous SystemFigure 12.417Ventricles of the BrainArise from expansion of the lumen of the neural tubeThe ventricles are:The paired C-shaped lateral ventricles The third ventricle found in the diencephalonThe fourth ventricle found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons18Ventricles of the BrainFigure 12.519Cerebral HemispheresForm the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its massContain ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)Contain deep grooves called fissuresAre separated by the longitudinal fissureHave three basic regions: cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei20Deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes:Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula Central sulcus – separates the frontal and parietal lobesMajor Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere21Parieto-occipital sulcus – separates the parietal and occipital lobesLateral sulcus – separates the


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ESSEX BIO 121 - The Central Nervous System

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