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12Central Nervous System (CNS)The BrainEmbryonic DevelopmentSlide 5Primary Brain VesiclesNeural Tube and Primary Brain VesiclesSecondary Brain VesiclesSlide 9Adult Brain StructuresAdult Neural Canal RegionsSlide 12Slide 13Space Restriction and Brain DevelopmentBasic Pattern of the Central Nervous SystemSlide 16Ventricles of the BrainSlide 18Cerebral HemispheresMajor Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci of the Cerebral HemisphereSlide 21Cerebral CortexFunctional Areas of the Cerebral CortexSlide 24Slide 25Cerebral Cortex: Motor AreasPrimary Motor CortexSlide 28Premotor CortexBroca’s AreaFrontal Eye FieldSensory AreasSlide 33PrImary Somatosensory CortexPrimary Somatosensory CortexSomatosensory Association CortexVisual AreasAuditory AreasAssociation AreasSlide 40Prefrontal CortexSlide 42Language AreasGeneral (Common) Interpretation AreaVisceral Association AreaLateralization of Cortical FunctionCerebral White MatterSlide 48Fiber Tracts in White MatterSlide 50Basal NucleiSlide 52Slide 53Functions of Basal NucleiDiencephalonSlide 56ThalamusSlide 58Thalamic FunctionHypothalamusHypothalamic NucleiHypothalamic FunctionEndocrine Functions of the HypothalamusEpithalamusSlide 65Brain StemSlide 67MidbrainMidbrain NucleiSlide 70PonsSlide 72Slide 73Medulla OblongataSlide 75Medulla NucleiSlide 77The CerebellumSlide 79Anatomy of the CerebellumCerebellar PedunclesCerebellar ProcessingCerebellar Cognitive FunctionSlide 84Functional Brain SystemLimbic SystemSlide 87Limbic System: Emotion and CognitionReticular FormationSlide 90Reticular Formation: RAS and Motor FunctionBrain WavesTypes of Brain WavesSlide 94Brain Waves: State of the BrainEpilepsyEpileptic SeizuresControl of EpilepsyConsciousnessTypes of SleepTypes and Stages of Sleep: NREMTypes and Stages of Sleep: REMSleep PatternsImportance of SleepSleep DisordersMemoryMemory ProcessingStages of MemoryTransfer from STM to LTMCategories of MemorySkill MemoryStructures Involved in Fact MemoryStructures Involved in Skill MemoryMechanisms of MemorySlide 115Proposed Memory CircuitsProtection of the BrainMeningesSlide 119Dura MaterSlide 121Slide 122Arachnoid MaterSlide 124Pia MaterCerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Choroid PlexusesSlide 128Blood-Brain BarrierBlood-Brain Barrier: FunctionsCerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes)Degenerative Brain DisordersEmbryonic Development of the Spinal CordSlide 134Slide 135Spinal CordSlide 137Slide 138Slide 139Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal CordGray Matter and Spinal RootsSlide 142Gray Matter: OrganizationSlide 144White Matter in the Spinal CordWhite Matter: Pathway GeneralizationsSlide 147Main Ascending PathwaysThree Ascending PathwaysNonspecific Ascending PathwaySpecific and Posterior Spinocerebellar TractsSlide 152Descending (Motor) PathwaysThe Direct (Pyramidal) SystemSlide 155Indirect (Extrapyramidal) SystemSlide 157Extrapyramidal (Multineuronal) PathwaysSpinal Cord Trauma: ParalysisSlide 160Spinal Cord Trauma: TransectionPoliomyelitisAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)Developmental Aspects of the CNSSlide 165Slide 166112The Central Nervous SystemBrain2Central Nervous System (CNS)CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cordCephalizationElaboration of the anterior portion of the CNSIncrease in number of neurons in the headHighest level is reached in the human brain3The BrainComposed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissueSurface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem4Embryonic DevelopmentDuring the first 26 days of development: Ectoderm thickens along dorsal midline to form the neural plateThe neural plate invaginates, forming a groove flanked by neural foldsThe neural groove fuses dorsally and forms the neural tube5Surface ectoderm(a) 19 days(b) 20 days(c) 22 days(d) 26 daysNeural foldsNeural crestSurface ectodermNeural grooveNeural tubeAnterior (rostral) endEmbryonic DevelopmentFigure 12.1Level of sectionNeural plate6Primary Brain VesiclesThe anterior end of the neural tube expands and constricts to form the three primary brain vesiclesProsencephalon – the forebrainMesencephalon – the midbrainRhombencephalon – hindbrain7Neural Tube and Primary Brain VesiclesFigure 12.2a, b8Secondary Brain VesiclesIn week 5 of embryonic development, secondary brain vesicles formTelencephalon and diencephalon arise from the forebrainMesencephalon remains undividedMetencephalon and myelencephalon arise from the hindbrain9Secondary Brain VesiclesFigure 12.2c10Adult Brain StructuresFates of the secondary brain vesicles:Telencephalon – cerebrum: cortex, white matter, and basal nucleiDiencephalon – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamusMesencephalon – brain stem: midbrainMetencephalon – brain stem: ponsMyelencephalon – brain stem: medulla oblongata11Adult Neural Canal RegionsFigure 12.2c, d12Adult Neural Canal RegionsAdult structures derived from the neural canalTelencephalon – lateral ventriclesDiencephalon – third ventricleMesencephalon – cerebral aqueductMetencephalon and myelencephalon – fourth ventricle13Adult Neural Canal RegionsFigure 12.2c, e14Space Restriction and Brain DevelopmentFigure 12.315Basic Pattern of the Central Nervous SystemSpinal Cord Central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core External to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tractsBrainSimilar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matterCerebellum has gray matter in nucleiCerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex16Basic Pattern of the Central Nervous SystemFigure 12.417Ventricles of the BrainArise from expansion of the lumen of the neural tubeThe ventricles are:The paired C-shaped lateral ventricles The third ventricle found in the diencephalonThe fourth ventricle found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons18Ventricles of the BrainFigure 12.519Cerebral HemispheresForm the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its massContain ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)Contain deep grooves called fissuresAre separated by the longitudinal fissureHave three basic regions: cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei20Deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes:Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula Central sulcus – separates the frontal and parietal lobesMajor Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere21Parieto-occipital sulcus – separates the parietal and occipital lobesLateral sulcus – separates the
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