Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10“Quisling” governments:•Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary (Nazi allies)•Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France (Nazi administration or puppet governments)•Salò Republic in Italy (1943-1945)- “legitimate” governments in exile (London)Vichy France•Fall of France (June 1940)•Charles De Gaulle in London (Free France)•Marshall Philippe Pétain (1856-1951) – WWI hero•Vichy France: only lawfully constituted government that chose to cooperate with the NazisThis original photograph and corresponding news release document the Nazi march into Paris: "On August 10th, 1940, the boots of German conquerors echoed hollowly along the Champs Elysees as the Nazis marched in arrogant symbolism through the Arc de Triomphe."A German army parade through the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, in June 1940.Vichy France: resistance or collaboration?•Decades after the war: nearly everyone a resister – De Gaulle’s rhetoric of national unity and regeneration post-1945•1970s - first wave of revisionism: many collaborated or supported collaboration- The Sorrow and the Pity (documentary movie, 1969)- Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 (1972)•1980s – new revisionism: Gaullist view of France as a nation of resisters and the revisionist view of a nation of collaborators both misleading- John Sweets, Choices in Vichy France (1986)•Robert O. Paxton•Active resistance: 2% of the adult population•French standard of living during WWII:- defenders of Vichy : it saved France from “polandization” (material advantage thesis)- Paxton: inappropriate comparison•John Sweets•Distinction between French government (Vichy) and French people•What constitutes resistance?- more resisters than estimated by Paxton- doctors in the Puy-de-Dome sabotaging STO- village priests- men and women who gave foodand shelter to maquis groups- workers’ passive resistance•Resistance movements:- maquis (France)- partigiani (Italy)- composite groups (but communists among the first to organize)- 1941-1944: Soviet Union only power left on the continent fighting the Nazis- siege of Leningrad (half of the population dead)- battle of Stalingrad- Soviet deaths in WWII: over 20