Slide 1Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)14th Amendment’s “Equal Protection Clause” (1868)15th Amendment (1870)President Rutherford B. Hayes: Removed Troops From South (1876)Homer Plessy (7/8 White)Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Japanese-Americans and WWIIFred Korematsu– U.S. Born!Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)Presidential Medal of Freedom (1998)Linda Brown and Family; Topeka, KSHays, Marshall, and Nabrit (NAACP Lawyers working case)Chief Justice Earl WarrenUnanimous Decision 9-0Brown v. Board of Education (1954)The Little Rock 9 (1957)Angry Mobs in Little RockPresident Eisenhower Sends Troops to ArkansasJames Meredith tries to enroll at Ole Miss; Governor blocksPres. Kennedy Sends Troops to Ole Miss (1962):What about Congress?Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott (1954)Emmett Till; Murdered in 1955; No Guilty VerdictMartin Luther King Jr. “March on Washington” (1963)Medgar Evers’ Murder (1963)Civil Rights Workers Murdered in Mississippi (1964)Convicted of Civil Rights Murders in 2005:Selma to Montgomery MarchCivil Rights Act of 1964Voting Rights Act of 1965President Lyndon JohnsonPresident Johnson speech on the Voting Rights ActAffirmative ActionExecutive OrdersAlan Bakke v. UC Davis (1977): Quotas are OUT of educationThe Alabama Highway Patrol CaseU.S. v. Paradise (1987)Barbara Grutter; denied admission to Michigan law schoolGrutter v. Bollinger (2003)Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)The ‘Other’ UT and Race as “An Admission Factor”Fisher v. TexasEqual Protection ExpandsAbigail AdamsAbigail Adams (1776)Women’s Rights in Early AmericaLobbying Politicians / Seeking Right to Vote!Early 20th Century: Winning the Right to VoteThe ‘Suffragette’ MovementInfluencing PoliticiansAfter WWII, Major ShiftsOdd Restrictions in Some States Early in 20th CenturyFederal Law Passed in 1963: “Equal Pay Act”The E.E.O.C. (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)Title IX (1972); amended to Higher Education Act of 1965Slide 57Equal Drinking Ages Are Needed… it’s 21! Craig v. Boren (1976)Miss. Univ. for Women v. Hogan Male nurse wins right to attendVMI must allow women to enroll (U.S. v. Virginia, 1996)“Equal Rights Amendment”: Not ratifiedThe Ledbetter Case: Ledbetter v. GoodyearWomen’s Rights TodayAmericans With Disabilities Act of 1990Defining DisabilityPGA Tour v. Casey Martin (2001)PGA Tour v. Casey Martin (2001)Same-Sex Marriage, 2013Supreme Court and Same-Sex Marriage Bans: June 26, 2015The Future of Equal Protection??14th Amendment(1868)“The Equal Protection Clause”Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri who made his may to Illinois, a free state; sued for his freedomIn one of the Supreme Court’s ugliest decisions, Justice Taney says he is property and that no descendant of a slave is a free personSupreme Court rules “Missouri Compromise,” which declared certain states free states, to be unconstitutional14th Amendment’s “Equal Protection Clause” (1868)No State shall… deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (Followed the 13th Amendment, which freed all slaves in 1865)15th Amendment (1870)African-Americans given the right to voteHowever, exercising that right would prove to be a challenge…Poll taxes, Literacy Tests, Outright IntimidationPresident Rutherford B. Hayes: Removed Troops From South (1876)Homer Plessy(7/8 White)Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy arrested for refusing move to the back of a train in Louisiana... In one of our nation’s ugliest decisions, the Supreme Court actually UPHOLDS racial segregation, saying that: “Separate but equal” is okayThis would be the law of the land for almost 60 more yearsJapanese-Americans and WWIIExecutive Order 9066Issued in May 1942Ordered Japanese-Americans to military “relocation camps”Fred Korematsu of San Leandro, CA refuses, and is arrestedFred Korematsu– U.S. Born!Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)Supreme Court actually upholds his conviction (using strict scrutiny)Says that military authorities get great deference in a time of war, and have a compelling interest hereIn 1984, a federal district court finally threw out his convictionPresidential Medal of Freedom (1998)Linda Brown and Family; Topeka, KSHays, Marshall, and Nabrit (NAACP Lawyers working case)Chief Justice Earl WarrenUnanimous Decision 9-0Brown v. Board of Education (1954)Chief Justice Earl Warren Delivered the opinion of the CourtActually consolidated cases from 5 states“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” – foster a sense of inferiorityEducation is deemed to be an essential part of American societyDespite the ruling, help from the executive branch would be needed for implementation…The Little Rock 9 (1957)Angry Mobs in Little RockPresident Eisenhower Sends Troops to ArkansasJames Meredith tries to enroll at Ole Miss; Governor blocksPres. Kennedy Sends Troops toOle Miss (1962): VideoWhat about Congress?WHO / WHAT CAN INFLUENCE CONGRESS?Look for “focusing events” that get extensive media coverage (including social media today)Rallies involving large numbers of peopleEfforts from powerful interest groupsRosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott (1954)Emmett Till; Murdered in 1955; No Guilty VerdictMartin Luther King Jr. “March on Washington” (1963)Medgar Evers’ Murder (1963)Civil Rights Workers Murdered in Mississippi (1964)Convicted of Civil Rights Murders in 2005:Selma to Montgomery MarchPeaceful march by demonstrators in Selma in March of 1965 Led to violent response from Alabama State PatrolThis incident brought further attention to issues related to the civil rights movementCivil Rights Act of 1964Congress finally “acts” to build upon Brown v. Board:Outlawed discrimination in:HotelsMotelsRestaurantsTheatersApplies to all public accommodations engaged in “interstate commerce”Updated in 1968 to apply to housing sales and rentalsVoting Rights Act of 1965 Outlawed Literacy TestsMandated “Pre-Clearance” for any changes in state voting proceduresThis was overturned by Supreme Court in 2013 Shelby County v. Holder decisionCreated Federal pathways for enforcing punishments for discriminatory practicesPresident Lyndon JohnsonPresident Johnson speech on the Voting Rights Actwww.youtube.com/watch?v=MxEauRq1WxQIn 2013, Chief Justice John Roberts said: “Our country has changed. History did not end in 1965.” – Shelby
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