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UT Knoxville POLS 101 - 242Decolonization

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The End of European Empires after WWIIThe End of European Empires after WWIIDecolonizationDecolonizationDecolonizationBackground: The Interwar YearsBackground: The Interwar YearsDecolonizationDecolonizationSlide 10DecolonizationDecolonizationDecolonizationDecolonizationThe End of European Empires after WWIIRegion Percentage controlled in 1900Africa 90.4%Polynesia 98.9%Asia 56.5%Australia 100%Americas 27.2%The End of European Empires after WWIIFRENCHBRITISHDUTCHPORTUGUESEDecolonizationThe process by which colonies gained theirindependence from the imperial powers after WWIINew Imperialism: 1880-1914WWI and its aftermath: 1914-1939Second World War:1939-1945Decolonization:- Asia: late 1940s onward- Africa: 1950s onwardDecolonizationHow and why it happenedWhat impact it had on EuropeDecolonizationHow had European powers justified imperialism in the late 19th-early 20th century?(keep in mind for later!)What is the principle of self-determination and what was its importance in late 19th-early 20th century Europe?How did self-determination come to constitute an embarrassing paradox for European powers?Background: The Interwar Years•World War I self-determination (Balkans, Austrian Empire, etc.)- Paris Peace Conference (1919) - Wilson’s Fourteen Points (January 1918):- 5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined..- 10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, […] autonomous development- 12. other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured […] autonomous developmentSelf-determination for whom?Background: The Interwar Years•India: nationalist movement becomes mass movement (1920s)•Pan-African Congress (1919)•Middle East- “Mandated” territories- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) – secret agreement between GB & FR- Balfour Declaration (1917) – GB support for Zionist movementDecolonization Explaining why Colonial rule “dug its own grave”Christianity + material progress (rhetoric)Colonial racism, exploitation, poverty (reality)Democratic value (Europe)“Dictatorship” (colonial rule)Ideal of national self-determinationColonies unable to express their own national characterEuropean nationalism had fueled imperialismNow the colonies express their own form of nationalismDecolonization Explaining why (timing) notion of conjuncture•WWI & WWII- Franz Fanon (1925-1961): “Leave this Europe where they are never done talking of Man, yet murder men everywhere they find them …. “- Free French Army: hierarchy of color; Red Cross packages•U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. against- USA.: Atlantic Charter (1941): “the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live”- USSR: Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism (Lenin’s thesis in 1917)•U.N.(1945) + Declaration of Human Rights (1948)- publicity; Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and People (1960): “The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination, and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights”Moroccan French colonial troops taken prisoner by the GermansAnnamese (colonial troops from French Indochina) Indian soldiers in the British army captured by the Japanese.DecolonizationBritish and French forms of decolonization (conventional take):1. Britain:- negotiated and peaceful processes (India and Anglophone black Africa)2. France:- violent struggle (Indochinese War, 1945-1954; Algerian War, 1954-1962)Decolonization•Exceptions to conventional portrayals:1. Britain in Kenya – Mau Mau revolt (1952-1960)"Things got a little out of hand. By the time I cut his balls off he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him." --white Kenyan describing interrogation of suspected “Mau Mau” insurgent2. France:- relatively peaceful decolonization in Morocco, Tunisia, and Francophone Black AfricaDecolonizationImpact of decolonization:•“repatriation” of ethnic Europeans•“immigration” from former coloniesDecolonizationCountry European Non-European TotalItaly 480,000 20,000 500,000Belgium 90,000 15,000 105,000UK 380,000 1,350,000 1,730,000France 1,450,000 350,000 1,800,000Portugal 500,000 75,000 575,000The Netherlands 270,000 250,000 520,000Spain 170,000 10,000 180,000Total 3,340,000 2,070,000 5,410,000(Very conservative) Estimates of repatriates to Europe between 1945 and


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