The Age of Ideologies (1st half 19th century)Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4CONSERVATISM“LIBERTY FRATERNITY EQUALITY”LIBERALISMSlide 8SOCIALISMMarx & Engels, The Communist Manifesto (Feb. 1848)Early 19th century nationalismSlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Evolution of nationalismSlide 16Slide 17The Age of Ideologies (1st half 19th century)•Conservatism•Liberalism•Nationalism•SocialismWhat is an ideology?Why did new ideologies develop at this time? - French + Industrial revolutions•Congress of Vienna and “Restoration”•Austria, Russia, England, and Prussia•Goals:1. Territorial settlement2. Balance of power3. Preventing revolutions–Concert of Europe–Troppau Protocol (1820)•GB: “splendid isolation”Klemens von Metternich(1773-1859)•conservatismCONSERVATISM•Against French Rev and Enlightenment•“Tradition” and “history” over “reason”•Community more important than the individual•Religion crucial to preservation of social orderPolitical system: absolute monarchy–Legitimized by conservative thought (history and tradition)Social system: society of orders–Legitimized by conservative thought (patriarchalism)“LIBERTY FRATERNITY EQUALITY”Liberalism Nationalism SocialismOppositional ideologies in the first half of the 19th century(conservative dominance)LIBERALISM•Classical liberalism–Individual political and economic freedom–“Reason” over “tradition”–Progressive view of historyPolitical system: constitutional monarchy with limited franchiseSocial system: society of classes with prominent role assigned to men of property (middle-classes)Economic system: laissez-faire (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776)Varieties of liberalism:•France & GB•Belgium, Greece, Italy, Germany, Poland, Hungary1820s-1830s- 1848: liberal and/or nationalist revolts and revolutionsSOCIALISM•Utopian socialism–Critique of industrial capitalism (looking at the past)•Early 19th century, then disappears•Scientific / revolutionary socialism–Critique of industrial capitalism (looking towards the future)•Legal and political freedoms meaningless if profound social inequalities persisted•Good of the collectivity over that of the individualPolitical system: proletarian republicSocial system: classless societyEconomic system: centralized planning, abolition of private propertyMarx & Engels, The Communist Manifesto (Feb. 1848)•Scientific socialism–History = class struggle•Classes defined by their relationship to the means of production–Oppressors (bourgeoisie) and oppressed (proletariat)–Progressive view of historyEconomic forces as engine of historical development (dialectic materialism)Early 19th century nationalism•New meaning of the world nation:the political entity consisting of the entire native population living in a contiguous and bounded territory strong democratic connotation•Cultural nationalism vs. political nationalism•Cultural nationalism–Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803)•Each people possesses a unique geist (“spirit” or “genius”)– No political concern– Theory of national development applicable to people others than the Germans– Grimm brothers (1780s-1860s): folk tales (Cinderella, The Frog Prince, Snow White, etc.)Cultural nationalism Political nationalism 1. French Revolution: “The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise authority which does not proceed directly from the nation” (art. 3 DRM) democratic connotation2. Napoleonic conquests:–German nationalism–Italian nationalism new sense of territorial unity–Polish nationalism 3. Declining importance of religion in defining people’s identity: the Romantic movementEvolution of nationalism•Romantic nationalism: first half 19th century•Realpolitik nationalism: post-1848, Italian (1861) and German (1871)•Integral nationalism: from the last quarter of the 19th century through WWII•Romantic nationalism: first half 19th century– affinities with liberalism–Idealistic•1820s-1848: failed nationalist revolts and revolutions in the Italian states, German states, Polish territories–Why did they fail?•Romantic nationalism: first half 19th century– affinities with liberalism:•Principle of popular sovereignty•French Revolution as source of inspiration•Freedom measured by government identification with the people•Against Vienna settlement and conservative order–Idealistic:•Bottom-up approach–nations as the “natural” (=best) form of political organization»No incompatibility between loyalty to one’s nation and loyalty to humanity: Brotherhood of nations–Opposition to•Conservatism•Socialism (materialism,