Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Marieb/Hoehn)Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base BalanceMatching QuestionsMatch the following:A) IntracellularB) InterstitialC) NonelectrolytesD) ExtracellularE) Electrolytes1) Dissociate in water.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9962) Do not dissociate.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9963) The fluid compartments outside the cell.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9964) Fluid compartments located within the cell.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9965) Spaces between cells.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 996Answers: 1) E 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B1Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Match the following:A) HyperkalemiaB) HypermagnesemiaC) HypernatremiaD) HypocalcemiaE) Hyponatremia6) Magnesium excess.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10037) Calcium depletion.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10038) Sodium excess.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10039) Potassium excess.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100310) Sodium depletion.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1003Answers: 6) B 7) D 8) C 9) A 10) E2Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Match the following:A) HypoproteinemiaB) EdemaC) AldosteroneD) HyponatremiaE) Addison's disease11) An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100112) A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in tissue edema.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100213) A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100214) Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100415) A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1003; Tbl. 26.1Answers: 11) B 12) A 13) E 14) C 15) D3Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Match the electrolyte composition for the following:A) interstitial fluidB) blood plasmaC) intracellular fluid16) Sodium ions are highest in ________.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 997; Fig. 26.217) Potassium ions are highest in ________.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 997; Fig. 26.218) Phosphate ions are highest in ________.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 997; Fig. 26.219) Bicarbonate ions are highest in ________.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 997; Fig. 26.220) Proteins are highest in ________.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 997; Fig. 26.2Answers: 16) B 17) C 18) C 19) A 20) CTrue/False Questions1) Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 9962) The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 9973) Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 9964) Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 9985) The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 9994Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.6) Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 10017) It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 10018) Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 10019) Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 100210) Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 100211) Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 1002-100312) Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 100213) When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the collecting tube.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 100414) Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 1005; Fig. 26.815) Pressure diuresis decreases blood volume and blood pressure.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 1004; Fig. 26.95Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.16) Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 1006-100717) To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output. Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 99818) The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 100419) Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 1005; Fig. 26.920) Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 100521) Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 100722) Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 1003; Tbl. 26.123) The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 100824) Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 100825) The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 100826) Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 10096Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.27) Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 100928) The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 101029) The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 100930) One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 101031) As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 1010-101132) Regulation of the acid-base system is accomplished mainly through respiratory control, and the