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With these you can travel anywhere and meet with good fortune.The I ChingGene Regulation in Bacteria and BacteriophagesWhat do we mean by gene regulation?Gene Regulation in Bacteria and BacteriophagesWhat do we mean by gene regulation?What are constitutive genes?Gene Regulation in Bacteria and BacteriophagesWhat do we mean by gene regulation?What are constitutive genes?The majority of genes are regulated. What are some examples of regulated processes in the cell? Gene Regulation in Bacteria and BacteriophagesWhat does this tell you?Gene Regulation in Bacteria and BacteriophagesREGULATION OFGENE EXPRESSIONTranscriptionTranslationPosttranslationGenemRNAProteinFunctional proteinGenetic regulatory proteins bind tothe DNA and control the rate oftranscription.Translational repressor proteinscan bind to the mRNA and preventtranslation from starting.Antisense RNA can bind to the mRNAand prevent translation from starting.In feedback inhibition, the product of ametabolic pathway inhibits the firstenzyme in the pathway.Covalent modifications to thestructure of a protein can alterits function.In attenuation, transcription terminatessoon after it has begun due to theformation of a transcriptional terminator.Riboswitches can produce an RNAconformation that prevents translationfrom starting.Transcriptional RegulationTranscriptional regulation involves the actions of regulatory proteins that bind to the DNA and affect the rate of transcription.Transcriptional RegulationTranscriptional regulation involves the actions of regulatory proteins that bind to the DNA and affect the rate of transcription. What do repressors do, and what kind of control is this?Transcriptional RegulationTranscriptional regulation involves the actions of regulatory proteins that bind to the DNA and affect the rate of transcription. What do repressors do, and what kind of control is this? What do activators do, and what kind of control is this?Transcriptional RegulationEffector molecules do not interact directly with the DNA, but rather directly with the repressors or activators.Transcriptional RegulationEffector molecules do not interact directly with the DNA, but rather directly with the repressors or activators. How does this interaction affect repressors and activators?Transcriptional RegulationWhat are inducers? What are genes that are regulated in this manner called?Transcriptional RegulationWhat are inducers? What are genes that are regulated in this manner called?What is going on here?Transcriptional RegulationWhat are inducers? What are genes that are regulated in this manner called?What is going on here?What is going on here?Transcriptional RegulationWhat are corepressors and what do they do?What is going on here?Transcriptional RegulationWhat are inhibitors and what do they do? What is going on here?Transcriptional RegulationWhat do we call genes that are regulated in this manner?Transcriptional RegulationQuick ReviewTranscriptional RegulationQuick ReviewRepressors are proteins that bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.Transcriptional RegulationQuick ReviewRepressors are proteins that bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.Activators are proteins that bind to DNA and increase transcription.Transcriptional RegulationQuick ReviewRepressors are proteins that bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.Activators are proteins that bind to DNA and increase transcription.Effectors interact with repressors or activators, not with DNA.Transcriptional RegulationQuick ReviewRepressors are proteins that bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.Activators are proteins that bind to DNA and increase transcription.Effectors interact with repressors or activators, not with DNA.Inducers are effectors that bind to repressors or activators and cause an increase in transcription. Genes regulated in this manner are called inducible.Transcriptional RegulationQuick ReviewRepressors are proteins that bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.Activators are proteins that bind to DNA and increase transcription.Effectors interact with repressors or activators, not with DNA.Inducers are effectors that bind to repressors or activators and cause an increase in transcription. Genes regulated in this manner are called inducible.Corepressors are effectors that bind to repressors and cause a decrease in transcription. Genes regulated in this manner are called repressible.Transcriptional RegulationQuick ReviewRepressors are proteins that bind to DNA and inhibit transcription.Activators are proteins that bind to DNA and increase transcription.Effectors interact with repressors or activators, not with DNA.Inducers are effectors that bind to repressors or activators and cause an increase in transcription. Genes regulated in this manner are called inducible.Corepressors are effectors that bind to repressors and cause a decrease in transcription. Genes regulated in this manner are called repressible.Inhibitors are effectors that bind to activators and cause a decrease in transcription. Genes regulated in this manner are called repressible.Transcriptional RegulationWhat is enzyme adaptation?Transcriptional RegulationEnzyme adaptation was studied extensively by Jacob and Monod. They