PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27If there are 20 amino acids to choose from, the chances of getting the correct polypeptide by random chance alone are 1/20n where n = number of amino acids in the polypeptideSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Slide 110Slide 111Slide 112Slide 113Slide 114Slide 115Slide 116Slide 117Slide 118Slide 119Slide 120Slide 121Slide 122Slide 123Slide 124Slide 125Slide 126Slide 127Slide 128Slide 129Slide 130Slide 131Slide 132Slide 133Slide 134Slide 135Slide 136Slide 137Slide 138Slide 139Slide 140Slide 141Slide 142Slide 143Slide 144Slide 145Slide 146Slide 147Slide 148Slide 149Slide 150Slide 151Slide 152Slide 153Slide 154Slide 155Slide 156Slide 157Slide 158Slide 159Slide 160Slide 161Slide 162Slide 163Slide 164Slide 165Slide 166Slide 167Slide 168Slide 169Slide 170Slide 171Slide 172Slide 173Slide 174Slide 175Slide 176Slide 177Slide 178Slide 179Slide 180Slide 181Slide 182Slide 183Slide 184Slide 185Slide 186Slide 187Slide 188Slide 189Slide 190Slide 191Slide 192Slide 193Slide 194Slide 195Slide 196Slide 197Slide 198Slide 199Slide 200Slide 201Slide 202Slide 203Slide 204Slide 205Slide 206Slide 207Slide 208Slide 209Slide 210Slide 211Slide 212Slide 213Slide 214Slide 215Slide 216Slide 217Slide 218Slide 219Slide 220Slide 221Slide 222Slide 223Slide 224Slide 225Slide 226Slide 227Slide 228Slide 229Slide 230Slide 231Slide 232Slide 233Slide 234Slide 235Slide 236Slide 237Slide 238Slide 239Slide 240Slide 241Slide 242Slide 243Slide 244Slide 245Slide 246Slide 247Slide 248Slide 249Slide 250Slide 251Slide 252Slide 253Slide 254Slide 255Slide 256Slide 257Slide 258Slide 259Slide 260BIO 325 – GeneticsTranslation of mRNAToo many people are thinking of security instead of opportunity. They are more afraid of life than death.—James F. ByrnesThe Genetic Basis for Protein SynthesisThe Genetic Basis for Protein SynthesisWhat are structural genes?What does the following slide tell you about the various diseases shown in red and their causes?The Genetic Basis for Protein SynthesisBeadle and Tatum’s experiments with Neurospo ra led them to propose the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. What do you see in the next slide?The Genetic Basis for Protein SynthesisThe Genetic Basis for Protein SynthesisThe Genetic Basis for Protein SynthesisWhat are the shortcomings of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?The Genetic Basis for Protein SynthesisWhat are the shortcomings of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?How do the terms protein and polypeptide differ?Before we go any further, let’s pretend that I have 20 bins each of which contain pieces of colored cloth, one color per bin.If I am trying to sew together seven different pieces of cloth of different colors in a particular order, what are the chances I’ll get it right if I don’t know the colors and I don’t know the order?RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YELThis is what I’m trying to get, but I don’t know thatRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/201/201 = 1 in 20 that I’ll get the first one rightRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/201/202 = 1 in 400 that I’ll get the first two right in the correct orderRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/201/203 = 1 in 8,000 that I’ll get the first three right in the correct orderRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/201/204 = 1 in 160,000 that I’ll get the first four right in the correct orderRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/201/205 = 1 in 3,200,000 that I’ll get the first five right in the correct orderRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/201/206 = 1 in 64,000,000 that I’ll get the first six right in the correct orderRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/201/207 = 1 in 1,280,000,000 that I’ll get all seven right in the correct orderRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YEL1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/201/207 = 1 in 1,280,000,000 that I’ll get all seven right in the correct orderThe chances are not good!If there are 20 amino acids to choose from, the chances of getting the correct polypeptide by random chance alone are 1/20n where n = number of amino acids in the polypeptideIn the next example, imagine that there is a master pattern in the master pattern room that tells me what the colors are and the order in which they should be sewn together.RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YELUnfortunately, I can’t remove the master pattern from the master pattern room and take it with me to the sewing room.Unfortunately, I can’t remove the master pattern from the master pattern room and take it with me to the sewing room. And, I have a really bad memory.Unfortunately, I can’t remove the master pattern from the master pattern room and take it with me to the sewing room.Oh, my! What am I to do?????How about if I make a copy of the master pattern that I can remove from the master pattern room and take it to the sewing room.RED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YELRED GRN BLU WHT BLK PUR YELRed Grn Blu Wht Blk Pur YelRed Grn Blu Wht Blk Pur YelNow, all I have to do is pick out the colored pieces of cloth one by one according to my copy of the master pattern and sew them together in order.Now, all I have to do is pick out the colored pieces of cloth one by one according to my copy of the master pattern and sew them together in order.Unfortunately, I am color blind.Now, all I have to do is pick out the colored pieces of cloth one by one according to my