Soft-linerCivil SocietySoft-linerSoft-linerCivil societySoft-linerPOLSC 135 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guides 7-12 (chapters 8-13)Important Terms to know: - Third Wave Democratization: The surge of democratizations that have happened since 1974- Bottom-Up Democratic transition: A transition that occurs when the population rises up to overthrow an authoritarian regime. - Top-Down democratic transition: A transition where the ruling elite begin to liberalize the society. - Collective Action: The pursuit of some objective by groups of individuals. - Public good: Non-excludable and nonrivalrous - Free rider problem: Refers to the fact that individual members of a group often have little incentive to contribute to the provision of a public good that will benefit all members of the group. - Preference falsification: Not revealing one’s true preferences in public. - Revolutionary cascade: When one person’s participation triggers the participation of another and so on. - Structural dependence of the state on capital: Self explanatory - Dominant party dictatorship: A dictatorship that is in place due to the power that the dominant party instills in the dictator.- Personalistic dictatorship: A dictator that holds onto power by cult of personality.- Selectorate: the people who are able to vote and select a leader- Winning coalition: The people who select the winning leader- Vote of no confidence: A vote that is called that dissolves the current government. - Constructive vote of no confidence: A vote that dissolves the current government and proposes a new system of government.- Vote of confidence: A vote to show that the government is indeed working. - Legislative responsibility: Refers to a situation in which a legislative majority has the constitutional power- a vote of no confidence – to remove a government from office without a cause. - Presidential democracy: One in which the government does not depend on a legislative majority to exist - Parliamentary democracy: One in which the government depends on a legislative majority to exist and the head of the state is not popularly elected for a fixed term. - Semi-presidential democracy: One in which the government depends on a legislative majority to exist, and the head of the state is popularly elected for a fixed term.- Caretaker government: when an election is called or when an incumbent government either resigns or is defeated in a vote of no confidence. It fules the country for an interimperiod until a new government is formed. - Office-seeker politician: Interested in the intrinsic benefits of office; he wants as much office as possible.- Policy-seeker politician: only wants to shape policy. - Gamson’s law: States that cabinet portfolios will be distributed among government parties in strict proportion to the number of seats that each party contributes to the government’s legislative majority. - Corporatist interest group relations: Occurs when key social and economic actors, such as labor, business, and agriculture groups are integrated into the formal policymaking process. - Pluralist interest group relations: occurs when interest groups compete in the political marketplace outside of the formal policy making process. - Principal-agent problem: refers to the difficulties that arise when a principal delegates authority to an agent who a) potentially has different goals than the principal and b) cannot be perfectly monitored.- Moral hazard: occurs when the agent has the opportunity to take actions that are hiddenfrom the principal.- Adverse selection: occurs when the agent has attributes that are hidden from the principal. - Single member district plurality electoral system: one in which individuals cast a single vote for a candidate in a single-member district. The candidate with the most votes is elected. Study Guides (Note, a * denotes the correct answer)Chapter 81. German reunification took place in October 1990. This refers to the reunification of:a. Germany and Poland.b. Germany and Austria.c. West Germany and Slovakia.*d. East Germany and West Germany.2. Portugal, Spain, and Greece experienced transitions to democracy in which decade?a. 1950s.b. 1960s.*c. 1970s.d. 1980s.3. South Korea experienced a transition to democracy in which decade?a. 1950s.b. 1970s.*c. 1980s.d. None of the above; South Korea is currently an isolated and repressive dictatorship.4. Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay experienced transitions to democracy in which decade?a. 1970s.*b. 1980s.c. 1990s.5. The non-interventionist policy of which Soviet leader was instrumental in the democratic transitions of1989 across much of Eastern Europe?a. Joseph Stalin.*b. Mikhail Gorbachev.c. Nikita Khrushchev.d. Boris Yeltsin.6. The “velvet revolution” is a reference to the peaceful democratic transition in:*a. Czechoslovakia.b. Romania.7. According to recent studies of attempts to externally impose democracy on a country by using militaryforce, there is very little evidence, if any, to support the claim that such intervention increases the level ofdemocracy in the target countries.*a. True.b. False.8. Some politicians like to refer to cases in which the United States intervened successfully in order toestablish democracy; Japan and West Germany after WWII are the favorite examples. However,according to the recent empirical research discussed in Chapter 8 (on democratic transitions), evidenceshows that although attempts at the external imposition of democracy may promote some democratic-seeming reforms in the short-run, they ultimately produce political instability in the target countries andare unlikely to lead to a stable democracy.*a. True.b. False.9. The introduction of elections, legislatures, and parties in many dictatorships around the world is a signthat these countries are definitely moving toward democracy.a. True.*b. False.10. A “public good” is:a. Excludable and rivalrous.b. Non-excludable and rivalrous.c. Excludable and non-rivalrous.*d. Non-excludable and non-rivalrous.11. Public goods are, by their nature, desirable. Thus, anyone who would benefit from such a good can beexpected to contribute to its provision.a. True.*b. False.12. Collective action theory indicates that individuals will automatically act collectively to achieve theirgoals whenever they share common interests (such as wanting to listen to NPR, protect environmentalresources, or promote democracy).a. True.*b. False.The following Collective Action