POLSC 135 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture Classical Cultural ArgumentsOutline of Current Lecture Classical Cultural Arguments (Cont) Current Lecture:I. Direction of Causality - Inglehart and Wezel argue that societal development causes individuals to for self-expression over security, and it is this cultural - World Values Survey - Inglehart conducted interviews in eighty societies.- Addresses issues of sociocultural and political change. - Surveys are important, but they have limitations: - First, they are not well suited to address the questions whether certain culture procedures democracy; reason is we have to conduct surveys in dictatorships (preference falsification might result); - Second, individuals tend to understand the same question in vastly different ways II. Religion and Democracy - “The Clash of Civilizations” - Conflicts in the world will be cultural rather than ideological or economic - The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future. - Civilization: the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species. (Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic Orthodox, Latin American, African) - Argument in Clash of Civilizations: Western ideas of individualism, liberalism, constitutionalism, human rights, equality, liberty, the rule of law, democracy, freeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. It is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.markets, the separation of church and state, often have little resonance in Islamic, Confucian, Japanese, Hindu, Buddhist, or Orthodox cultures.- Islamic and confucianist countries cannot sustain democracy- Catholic countries will find it hard to sustain democracy - Protestantism – Weber, 1904-1905 - Promotes democracy because of its connection to individualism, capitalism, and development – Modernization Theory - Protestantism -> Economic development -> democracy - Rodney Stark (2004) critics of weber: - Weberian attributes of modern capitalism were already present in the Italian city states before Protestant Reformation - Democracy in the West because Christianity focuses in orthodoxy (correct belief) rather than orthopraxy (correct practice, focal point of Islam and Judaism) - Democracy in Christian countries because it posits rational and personal God - Woodberry (2004) - Depth and breadth of Protestantism missionary during the colonial periods that help democratization - Main reason: Emphasis teaching the Bible in local languages & this fostered education in modern printing colonies. - Thus, Missionary efforts spearheaded mass education and introduced modern printing that unleashed modernizing forces, which in turn encouraged democracy. - Catholicism (Lipset 1959, Huntington 1993) - Catholicism is antithetical to democracy. - Catholicism’s emphasis on there being only one church and one truth is seen as incompatible with democracy;s need to accept various different and competing ideologies as legitimate - Hierarchy in the Catholic church and distinction between clergy and laity is seen as posing problems for the acceptance of more socially and politically egalitarian institutions such as democracy - Confucianism (Huntington 1993): - Huntington argues that traditional Confucianism was either undemocratic or anti-democratic.- In the Asian value debate of the 1990’s, others argued that Confucianism’s respect for authority and its emphasis on communalism made it incompatiblewith democracy. - Islam (Huntington 1993) - Several arguments have been given for why Islam is incompatible with democracy - Islam has a violent streak that predisposes countries to Authoritarianism - Islam is unable to disassociate religious and political spheres - Islam sees women as being unequal End