Linguis 101 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide This guide is to help you focus your studying As usual anything we covered in class could be on the exam The final exam is comprehensive Make sure that you review material from previous study guides as well 2 3 of the points will be from new material Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics and 1 3 will be from previous sections see the previous study guides for important topics Question format may include linguistic analysis problems tree drawing brief essay short answer matching true false and multiple choice Morphology Be able to break an English word up into its component morphemes and categorize morphemes in terms of free bound root suffix prefix infix circumfix derivational inflectional Free morpheme morpheme that is a word can stand alone ex dog Bound morpheme morpheme that cant stand alone has to be attached to another morpheme ex dog s Root the semantic core of the word ex dehumidifier humid Suffix attached to the end or the right of the base Prefix attached to the front or left of the base Infix attached inside another morpheme ex fanfreakintastic Circumfix a discontinuous morpheme attached surrounding a base Derivational sometimes changes part of speech changed meaning or word significantly Inflectional never changes part of speech adds grammatical information but does not change fundamental meaning English only has 8 and they are all suffixes Draw morphological word structure trees to represent the morphological composition of English words Determine the morphological rule that is used to attach a given morpheme Re V able V Adj un Adj Adj ify A V de V V er V N Solve a morphological analysis problem segment out the morphemes in an unfamiliar language Identify word formation processes compounding affixation alternation reduplication suppletion Affixation form a word by adding a bound affix to base The base may be a free or bound root or a complex work ex reson able reasonable Compounding form a new word by combining two existing free words ex dry A clean V dryclean Reduplication form a new word by coping and repeating all or part of a base Total reduplication repeat the entire base Partial reduplication repeat part of a base Alternation form a new word by substituting one non morphemic segment for another ex sing present sang past Suppletion irregular word formation process where a morpheme is replaced with an entirely different form ex good better Syntactic Tree drawing Phrase Structure rules for English will be provided for your reference on the exam Be able to draw syntactic tree structures for the following types of English sentences Simple declarative sentences including all of the phrase types we covered in class NPs VPs PPs S Sentences with embedded clauses CPs Sentences with coordination either at the XP or X level Yes no questions with Aux to C movement Sentences with possessor NPs For structurally ambiguous sentences be able to draw two trees and label each with an unambiguous description of the meaning Other syntax tasks Constituency tests given a sentence illustrating a constituency test be able to identify which string of words is being tested and say what the result of the test implies about constituency Only constituents can be targeted for certain syntactic proceses such as substitution and movement displacement reordering Non constituents cannot be targeted for syntactic processes since they are not syntactic units Substitution tests An NP can be substituted with a pronoun the boy with the green hair left he left A VP can be substituted with do so Jack ate the beans and Jill did so too Movement tests Topic phrase NP PP VP can be moved to the front of the sentence Jack met Jill in the meadow in the meadow Jack met Jill Focused phrases can be clefted with it was focus that Jack met Jill in the meadow it was in the meadow that Jack met Jill C command be able to identify the c command domain of each node in a tree C command a node c commands its sisters and all nodes contained inside its sisters Ungrammaticality say which principle is violated in a given ungrammatical sentence PS rules Selectional restriction Binding Principle A or Binding Principle B A PS rule could be violated Selectional restriction of the verb might not be met BPA antecedent might not c command the anaphor Anaphor reflexives and reciprocals himself herself ourselves each other etc BPA antecedent might be outside minimal S of anaphor Antecedent a phrase which gives a pronoun or anaphor its meaning ex Connie s friend ignored her connie is the antecedent of her BPB antecedent of pronoun might c command it inside same S Parameters given some data from another language be able to identify the value of the head parameter in that language Also be able to draw a tree for a head final language such as Japanese Head initial head of a phrase precedes any arguments VP V NP PP P NP NP N PP CP C S S AUX VP Head final head of a phrase follows any arguments VP NP V PP NP P NP PP N CP S C Recursion determine whether or not a set of phrase structure rules displays recursion Animal Communication know which design features of human language are shared with all some or no animal communication systems Mode of communication Semanticity signals have meaning Features of all language Interchangeability speakers can both send and receive messages Cultural transmission exposure to language is required for development Arbitrariness form of signal not directly related to its meaning Discreteness decomposable messages Features of human language and some animal language Displacement can discuss things not present Productivity ability to produce infinite messages recursion Features of only human language Semantics and Pragmatics Distinguish between literal meaning vs speaker meaning sentence vs utterance Literal meaning literal meaning of the linguistic structures sentences have only literal meaning Computed from two primary sources The lexicon meanings of individual words and morphemes The syntax rules for combining these units in language Speaker meaning what we can construe about the speaker s intended message Derived from the literal meaning plus information about the context of utterance An utterance has speaker meaning as well as literal meaning Literal meaning lexicon syntax Context Sentence group of words used to express a complete idea An abstract linguistic object Exists independent of context Utterance a particular use of a sentence which occurs in a particular