LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Exam #1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8(This guide is to help you focus your studying. Of course, anything we covered in class could be on the exam.)The exam covers material from the Introduction and Phonetics sections only. Phonology is not included on this exam.Be able to explain the difference between the following:- The five subcomponents of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics)o Phonetics- scientific study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of human language (not all sounds of humans can make are part of language)o Phonology- how sounds pattern in language and are organized in mind o Morphology- structure of words o Syntax- structure of sentences o Semantics- meaning of words and sentences - Prescriptive and descriptive grammaro Descriptive grammar- goal is to discover what rules people actually know and describe them o Prescriptive grammar- goal is to tell people what rules they should know. Attempting to change people’s linguistic behavior - Competence and performanceo Linguistic competence is what we knowo Linguistic performance is using the knowledge in actual speech production/ comprehension - Acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics, auditory phoneticso Acoustic phonetics- physical properties of sound waves produced in speech o Articulatory phonetics- physiological mechanisms of speech production o Auditory phonetics- perception of sound, including what happens in the ear, auditory nerve, and brain during speech perception - Segments and features- Broad and narrow transcriptiono Broad transcription- showing only information that is important for encoding meaning contrasts o Narrow transcription- show detail not relevant to meaning contrasts - Pitch (used as tone and intonation), length, volume, stressThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Pitch (intonation) – a pitch modulation signals grammatical or semantic information above the world level o Pitch (tone)- single syllable words which differ only in pitch have differentmeanings o Length- segment length may signal word meaning contrasts o Loudness/ volume- no language is known to use loudness alone to single word meaning contrasts, but loudness may be used as one component of indicating stressed versus unstressed syllables o Stress- perceived prominence of a syllable in a multi-syllable word- Auditory-vocal and visual-gestural modalityo Auditory vocal languages- spoken languages o Visual gestural languages- sign languageBe able to describe in detail how the following sounds are articulated:- Voiced and voiceless soundso State of the glottis: voiced –vocal folds are vibrating, signaled but a squiggly line;voiceless- vocal folds are not vibrating, signaled by a straight line - Nasal and oral soundso Whether or not air is flowing through the nasal cavity: oral- velum raised, no airflow through nasal cavity; nasal- velum lowered, air flows through nasal cavity- Aspirated and unaspirated stopso Aspirated- vocal folds remain in the voiceless position for some time into the articulation of the vowel o Unaspirated- vocal folds start vibrating as soon as the following vowels begin - Stops, fricatives, affricateso Stop- complete closure in the oral cavity or at the glottis completely stops the airflow o Fricative- articulators are very close together producing high degree of structure, but airflow is not stoppedo Affricate- complete closure like a stop, but followed by a slow release to fricative position (cannot be identified by just one picture) - Rounded and unrounded vowelso Whether or not the lips are rounded - Pulmonic egressive soundso Most sounds in the world’s languages are pulmonic egressive—air is pushed out of the lungs by the diaphragm - Velaric ingressive sounds (clicks)o The lungs are not moving the air, you are using a combination of your velum and tongue to get the air moving o Non speech sounds, “kissing” “tisk-tisk” o Back of tongue is pressed up against the velum; front of the tongue makes stop closure in front of mouth, air is trapped in space between; body of tongue is lowered increasing enclosed space and rarifying air; front closure is released causing air to rush into mouthBe able to:- Label a diagram of the articulators (lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, …)- Give the four phonetic parameters of an English speech soundo For consonants: place, manner, voicing, nasalityo For vowels: tongue height, tongue advancement, tenseness, lip rounding- Read IPA transcription of English words and give the English spelling- Identify a speech sound by looking at a picture of a sagittal section of the vocal tract- Say what phonetic class a group of sounds belongs to- Say what articulatory process has taken place in a given sound changeo Assimilation- becomes like its neighbors  Progressive- a feature spreads forward   Regressive- a feature spreads backward   Intervocalic/ interconsonantal- a segment picks up a feature of surround [VCV] or [CVC]o Dissimilation- when one segment becomes less like a neighbor o Deletion- schwa in English is often deleted when the following syllable is stressed; disappearing of a sound o Insertion (epenthesis) - when the sound get inserted in a particular type of environment o Metathesis- reordering of segments o Vowel reduction (weakening) – an unstressed vowel is articulated more toward the center of the vowel space - Give and describe the five articulatory parameters used in sign languageo Hand shape- shape of the hand, open shape with fingers spread, together, or a fist etc., o Palm orientation- which way the palm is facing relative to the signers bodyo Location- the location of the land relative to the signers bodyo Movement- some signs are static- you put your hand in a place and leave it there, and other signs require movement back and forth or circular etc., o Non manual markers (facial expression)- as well as other types of body language - Understand the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic determinism), and know what modern linguists think of this hypothesiso Sapir- whorf (linguistic determinism) –the language we speak determines how we perceive and think about the world; language acts like a filter on reality o The strong version (linguistic determinism) is false; people’s thoughts and perceptions are not determined by the words and structures of