LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 2These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Speech Sound Basics, ConsonantsPhonetics – scientific study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of human language (not all sounds humans can make are part of language) Articulatory phonetics – physiological mechanisms of speech productionAcoustic phonetics – physical properties of sound waves produced in speechAuditory phonetics – perception of sound, including what happens in the ear, auditory nerve, and brain during speech perceptionWe can change the shape of the cavity as the sound comes out and that’s what differentiates soundsAirstream mechanism: something gets the air moving. Usually the lungs (pulmonic), air is usually moving outwards (egressive)Sound source: moving air begins to make sound when it passes through the larynx (Adam’s apple)Filters: articulators in the vocal tract are moved to shape the airflow into distinct soundsMuscles on both sides and there are folds of tissue surrounding the muscles and the space in the center is where the air goes through it is called the glottis Vocal folds at the top are pressed together so no air can pass through them but at the bottom you can spread them apart just a little bit (whispering) – we don’t use this state to distinguish words, it is just something you can do Voiceless: vocal folds pulled apart, not vibratingfall sound thinkVoiced: vocal folds close together but not closed, vibrating as air passes through themvest zoom thenMurmur- halfway between voiceless and voiced, the two folds aren’t as close together as they are for voiced, but not as far as they are for voiceless, the vocal folds are relaxed and floppy, they will be moved by the air passing over themDifferent ways you can shape your mouth after the air gets out of the glottis. Sagittal (side) sections; the space the air bounces around it affects the sound. Ex: if you take the back of your tongue and press it to the roof of your moth there is less room for the air to move around it Different parts of your anatomy that you can move around or touch using some part of your mouth that you can use to create different filters. Articulators can be positioned to create different filter shapes:LipsTeethTongueAlveolar ridgePalate (hard palate)Velum (soft palate)UvulaPharynxGlottisFor a consonant your articulators will be closer together, for a vowel your articulators will be much further apart, basically a difference of constriction in vocal tract Consonant: a high degree ofVowel: vocal tract is relatively constriction in vocal tract (azure)open (hot)Voicing: state of the glottisNasality: whether or not air is flowing through the nasal cavityPlace of articulation: the point of greatest stricture in the vocal tract (the place where the channel is narrowest)Manner of articulation: the degree of stricture (how narrow the channel is)Squiggly line stands for a vibration (voiced), straight line is voiceless Voiceless ------------------------ voiced Voiced: vocal folds vibrating(zap)Voiceless: vocal folds notvibrating (sap)Oral – air stays in the mouth, nasal – air can get into the mouth and oral cavity but there is a little space for it to bounce around in the nose (inspect velum in the back to decide)English has all of these sounds except uvular and pharyngeal Oral: Velum raised, no airflowthrough nasal cavity (bud)Nasal: Velum lowered, air flowsthrough nasal cavity (mud)Bilabial: two lips (big)Labiodental: one lip and the teeth (find)Interdental: tongue through the teeth (thick)Alveolar: tongue and alveolar ridge (den)Alveopalatal: tongue and front of palate (shell)Palatal: tongue and palate (yes)Velar: tongue and velum (go)Uvular: tongue and uvula (French R sound)Pharyngeal: constriction of pharynx (some Arabic sounds)Glottal: vocal folds (house)The air comes up through the glottis and gets most restricted where the tongue is pressing against the alveolar (first pic) . In the second picture the tongue is pressing against the velar andthat’s where the air gets constricted ALVEOLAR (TEN)VELAR (KICK)LABIODENTAL (FISH)INTERDENTAL (THINK)How constricted does the oral cavity get? – do they come completely together, or are they a little further apart or further than that?Find where in the mouth the sound is constricted and then ask if it is a stop or fricative, is the channel closed completely or is there a narrow channel?Stop: complete closure in the oral cavity or at the glottis completely stops the airflow (till)Fricative: articulators are very close together producing high degree of stricture, but airflow is not stopped. Turbulent sound (sill)Affricate: complete closure like a stop, but followed by a slow release to fricative position (chill)Liquid: slightly less stricture than a fricativeLateral: Sides of tongue are lowered so that air escapes through the side of the mouth rather than the center (lied)Retroflex: tongue is curled back (ride)Glide: extremely low degree of stricture almost like a vowel (will)Stop: Complete closureFricative: Small apertureLooks like a stopped + a fricative Learn and memorize this chart! Complete closure……followed by slow releaseVoicelessExamplesVoicedExamplesBilabialoral[p]pill, sip[b]Bill, lobenasal[m]mill, loamAlveolaroral[t]till, light[d]dill, loadnasal[n]nill, loanVelar oral[k]kill, stack[g]gill, lognasal[ŋ]sing, longGlottaloral[ ]Ɂmitten, uh-oh, kittenFricativesVoicelessExamples Voiced ExamplesLabiodental[f]fall, of f [v]van, caveInterdental[θ]thick, toot h [ð]that, batheAlveolar[s]set, bus[z]zoom, buz z Alveopalatal[ʃ]s h ip, wish[ʒ]measureGlottal[h]hillAffricatesVoicelessExamples VoicedExamplesAlveopalatal[t ]ʃchime, hitch [dʒ] Jane, wedgeLiquids and Glides are all voiced[θ][ð][ ]ʃ[ ]ʒ[t ]ʃ[dʒ][ŋ][ʔ][ ]ɾ[j]Labiovelar[w]w ell, quick, howAlveolar lateral[l]line, Ellenretroflex[ɹ]run, farflap[ɾ]butter, waterPalatal[j]yes, cute,