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UW-Madison LINGUIS 101 - Syntax 6
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LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 23 Syntax part 6 What syntax does PS rules build phrases from the lexicon describe word order and constituency Syntactic selection constraints can filter out additional ungrammatical sentences Syntactic parameters such as head parameter describe cross linguistic variation Syntactic structure plays a role in determining allowable relationships between certain phrases in a sentence Example of syntactic relations We use syntactic structures to explain why 1 and 4 are grammatical but 2 and 3 are ungrammatical o 1 John s sister laughed at him o 2 john s sister laughed at himself o 3 john s sister laughed at her o 4 John s sister laughed at herself pronouns and anaphors pronouns words like he she you they it anaphors reflexive and reciprocals words like himself ourselves each other meanings of pronouns and anaphors pronouns sometimes get their meanings from another NP in the sentence o connie s friend ignored her her connie her some female other than connie anaphors always get the meaning from another NP in the sentence o connie s friend hurt himself himself connie s friend himself some male other than connie s friend impossible antecedents and binding a phrase which gives pronoun or anaphor its meaning is called its antecedent The antecedent binds pronoun anaphor o 1 Connie s friend ignored her in 1 on the reading where her Connie the NP Connie is the antecedent of her o 2 Connie s friend hurt himself in 2 NP Connie s friend is the antecedent of himself restrictions o not every NP can be an antecedent o anaphors only larger NP can be antecedent 3 That boy s teacher admires himself himself that boy s teacher himself that boy o pronouns only more deeply embedded NP can be antecedent 4 That boy s teacher admires him him that boy s teacher him that boy c command we need to define a structural relation in order to explain these facts A structural relation describes the relationship between different nodes in the tree o c command a node c command its sisters and all nodes contained inside its sisters binding principles version 1 binding principle a an anaphor must have an antecedent that ccommands it binding principle b a pronoun must not have an antecedent the ccommands it a problem embedded clauses our binding principles work for the data we have seen so far However the following examples involving embedded clauses are problematic can you see why o Claire knew that Alexis trusted her Her Claire her alexis o Claire knew that Alexis trusted herself herself Claire herself Alexis binding principle version 2 binding principle A revised o an anaphor must have an antecedent that both c commands it and is in the same minimal S with it binding principle B revised o a pronoun must not have an antecedent that both c commands it and is in the same minimal S with it sources of ungrammaticality a PS rule could be violated o in English VP NP V selectional restriction of the verb might not be met o we devoured BPA antecedent might not c command the anaphor BPA antecedent might be outside minimal S of anaphor BPB antecedent of pronoun might c command it inside same S


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UW-Madison LINGUIS 101 - Syntax 6

Type: Lecture Note
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