BIOL 240W 1st Edition Lecture 36Outline of Last LectureI. Neural Circuit and Blood Pressure Homeostasis WorksheetII. Parts of the BrainIII. Spinal CordOutline of Current LectureI. Nervous SystemII. Trends in BrainIII. Visual ProcessingIV. HearingCurrent LectureI. Nervous Systema. Action potentials from different neurons are translated differently in the central nervous systemb. Neurons only generate action potentials from stimuli that they are built to respond toc. One neuron can generate many action potentials per second or few action potentials persecond i. Strong stimulus generates more action potentials, weak stimulus generates week action potentialsII. Trends in Braina. Myelencephalon (basic body function)b. Metencephalon (body movement coordination, prediction of sensations caused by movement)c. Mesencephalon (initial visual and auditory processing)d. Diencephalon (hormones, hunger/thirst, body temperature)i. Rats and people are similar in this aspect of the brain. Not as developed in frogse. Telencephalon (conscious though, dreams, vocabulary, and personality) i. Humans have the most functioning, this is much smaller in rats and even more smaller in frogsf. Lowest functions of the myelencephalon are located at the base, and the highest are located at the top/frontg. Brain continues to build while old circuits never disappear (built like an ice cream cone) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.h. The basic functions have very specific locations. Sensory processing is straightforward and mapped out. High functions (memory, decision making, emotional information) are distributed over many places and may change over time.III. Visual processinga. When you have a thought, see something, or hear something, your reaction comes from multiple neural circuits and is layered togetherb. Light coming from an object stimulates neurons (photoreceptors, in this case) sensitive to light located in the back of the eyec. Axons travel toward brain through optic nervei. Visual stimulus has been translated to an electric impulse (action potential)d. Distributed to mesencephalon (reflex, blind sightedness), amygdala (emotion, memory), and primary visual cortex (initial and higher level processing of images, saccades)i. Chronostasis- when you look at a clock, you gather a lot of information and the visual information is blurred. Your brain looks for the last stable image (clear image) and gets rid of all blurry images. Then, it fills in the image with the clear image. This is why you see the second hand on the clock “missing” secondsIV. Hearinga. Organ of Cortii. Cells deep inside ear that convert vibration (sound) to electrical impulses (actionpotentials)b. Those impulses travel to brain and almost right away, action potentials are distributed tomesencephalon, amygdala, and the auditory cortexi. Auditory cortex- initial and higher level processing of sound. Saccades are possible here tooii. Dead phone illusion- auditory cortex, while processing information, will throw out information that does not make sense. This results in an illusion when you do not hear the dial tone when you pick up a
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