BIOL 240W 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Alternation of GenerationsII. Flower Structure and FunctionIII. Development of GametophytesIV. Development of Embryo SacsV. Development of Pollen GrainsVI. PollinationOutline of Current Lecture I. Asexual ReproductionII. Plant BreedingIII. Transgenic and Genetically Modified PlantsCurrent LectureI. Asexual Reproductiona. Advantageous in stable environmentsb. Allows cultivation of sterile clones (ex: seedless fruits can be bread to be able to reproduce asexually to not contain seeds)c. Artifical Asexual reproductioni. Grafting one part of a plant to another plant1. Stock: plant that donates the root system in a graft2. Scion: plant which is fused to the stock root systemii. Vascular systems can repairII. Plant Breedinga. Wild species can be changed by breeding, or artificial selectionb. Genetic modifications no longer based on nature; humans decide which plants are going to succeedi. Ex: Corn started as teosinte. Evolved to have kernels that stay attached to the cob and a husk that envelopes the whole cobc. Selective breedingi. Individuals with different properties produce variable offspring that mix the propertiesii. Humans select the favored offspring and continue to mate themThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Ex 1: Big + poisonous plant can mate with a small and tasty plant. The selected offspring would be large and tasty2. Ex 2: selecting for mutant gene encoding gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme allows rice varieties to grow short and be less prone to wind damage3. There are drawbacks, however, because the offspring could have a survival disadvantageiii. Requirements1. Must be able to produce viable offspring2. Must be same species (or closely related)3. Must have variations between individuals4. Not limited to plantsIII. Transgenic and Genetically Modified Plantsa. Recombinant DNA made by fusing DNA from different sources into the chromosomes of plantsi. Ex: gene inserted from a fish into a strawberry produced a protein containing frost toleranceii. Bacteria producing proteins that are toxic to insects have been inserted into cropplants instead of spraying them with the pesticidesiii. Plants engineered to contain an EPSP synthetase gene are unaffected by glyphosphates, making them “roundup-ready”iv. Golden rice contains three inserted genes to synthesize beta carotene in the endosperm, which is a precursor for vitamin Ab. Genetic engineering is similar to breeding in that new combinations of genes are createdthat change plant traitsc. Genetic engineering is different with breeding because it requires extensive knowledge of each gene. It also can cross species barrierd. Crops that have been genetically engineered are regulated by the EPA, food is regulated by the FDA.e. Concernsi. Transgenic plants can be a threat to human safety because new proteins could cause adverse allergic reactionsii. Genetically modified foods are not labeled in the USiii. Other effects unrelated to desired outcomeiv.
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