High-distress marriages frequent conflict, aggression, low levels of marital happinessLow-distress marriages less conflict, few arguments, few thought of divorceBoth differ in perceived quality of marriageHigh-distress: divorce ends bad marriage, later report increase life happinessLow-distress: divorce ends “not good enough,” later report decrease life happinessUntil mid-1800’s, custody given to fathers. Then mothers got custody & fathers visitation.In 1970s, custody determined on gender neutral basisStill, ~80% of custody goes to mothers. Due to cultural beliefs.Homosexuality in past used to be grounds to deny custody. Now more based on parenting abilityMany divorced persons choose to cohabitate with their partner before remarriage or in place of it.Remarriages are less stable than first marriages.Post-divorce cohabitation is positively associated with remarital instability1. People who divorce are disproportionately from lower-middle- and lower-class groups, which have a higher tendency to divorce.2. People who remarry after divorce are more accepting of divorce and are willing to choose divorce as a way to resolve an unsatisfactory marriage.3. Remarrieds receive less social support from their families of origin and are less integrated with parents and in-laws.4. Remarriages present some stresses on a couple that are not inherent in first marriages.Lesbians and gay men may have become parents in a previous heterosexual relationship or using donors, artificial reproductive technologies, or by adopting.The lack of marriage rights in the majority of states leaves gay men and lesbians as legal single parents even though there is likely to be a partner present.Children in these relationships only have one legal adoptive or biological parent.FSHD 257 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 13-21Covers chapters 4, & 11-14, readings on D2L, lectures and guest lectures after exam 250 multiple choice questions, worth 2 pts each = 100 pointsChapter 4 – Gender and FamiliesWhat is sex? What is gender? Are these the same?Know the following terms and be able to identify examples:- Gender identity: Sense of ourselves as a certain gender - Gendered roles: The role a person is expected to perform as a result of being male or female in a particular culture - Intersex: A person born with ambiguous genital anatomy or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the typical definitions of female or male- Gender stereotype: simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups- Transgender: Individuals whose gender identity is opposite their biological sex VIDEO: Understanding the Complexities of Gender: Sam Killermann at TEDxUofIChicago  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRcPXtqdKjEWhat is gender expression? Does it vary by culture? From one activity to another? - Refers to all the eternal characteristics and behaviors that are socially defined as either masculine or feminine, such as dress, grooming, mannerisms, speech patterns and socialinteractions.- Can vary by culture According to both the text and the video, is it problematic to view gender as a binary construction (i.e., as only 2 choices = male or female)?- Yes, gender is more complex than a binary set of options—male/female. Perhaps we should view gender as fluid; a continuum. From text:What is gender stratification? - Inequality between women and men, wherein one gender occupies a privileged positionrelative to the other gender in access to economic resources, political power, and societal influence. What is a patriarchy? Matriarchy? Which is more common?- Patriarchy: A form of social organization in which the father or eldest male is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe, and descent is traced through him. - Matriarchy: A from of social organization in which the mother or eldest female is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe, and descent is traced through her. - Patriarchy is most common. Would the United States be considered a patriarchy, a matriarchy, or egalitarian? - Patriarchy—men dominate the majority of the time whether that's at home, work, or political office. What is meant by the term gender polarization?- Fundamental assumption we make about gender as being dichotomous and polar opposites, with males possessing exclusively instrumental traits and females possessing exclusively expressive ones. Men and women are frequently viewed as polar opposites. Why is this problematic? What effects does this have for men and women?- The fundamental problem with the view of men and women as opposites is that it is erroneous.- Believing that genders are fundamentally different reinforces the idea that individuals should NOT have the attributes culturally identified or associated with the other gender. This inhibits many people from displaying the full range of human qualities, as females may suppress their instrumental traits (perceived as their “masculine side”) and, to an even greater extent, males suppress their expressive traits (perceived as their feminine side).What is androgyny? - Displaying both masculine and feminine qualities. What is gender attribution?- Procedures through which we come to identify others as unambiguously male or female.What is the wage gap? - Difference between what men tend to earn and what women tend to earnWhat does the “second shift” refer to?- Arlie Hochschild’s term for the domestic responsibilities awaiting employed women aftertheir paid work hours are completedGender Theory:What does gender theorists examine?- Gender theorist argue that on every level, male-female relationships---whether personal, familial, or societal—reflect and encourage male dominance, putting females at a disadvantage. They examine gender roles, society, relationships, intersectionality, cognitive development, etc. What does it mean that gender is a social construction? That it is a social structure?- Social construction: an idea or concept created by society through the use of social power. Part of gender theory which asserts that society may be best understood by how it is organized according to gender, and that social relationships are based on the sociallyperceived differences between females and males that are used to justify unequal powerrelationships. - Social structure: Gender is, itself, a social structure that constrains behavior by the opportunities it offers or denies us. What are the 3 main