Studying GenderGender is not the same as sexSex biological aspect of being male or femaleIncludes chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical characteristics that differentiate most females from most males.Gender Everything else: how one sees oneself, expectations, roles, opportunities, etc.The expectations one forms of others based on their being females or malesThe roles one plays in households and familiesThe opportunities one has in the wider world of education, work, and politicsDefinitionsGender IdentitySense of ourselves as a certain genderGendered RolesThe role a person is expected to perform as a result of being male or female in a particular cultureIntersexA person born with ambiguous genital anatomyOr sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or maleBetween 1 and 4% of live births are intersexualBelief that males and females, as a result of their sex, possess distinct psychological and behavioral traitsTend to be false not only for the group, but also for the individualMen and Women as OppositeCulturally, we tend to view the genders as dichotomous and oppositeWe are more similar than differentMost gender differences can be traced to culturally specific expectations, male-female status, and gender stereotypingSocial Construction of GenderGender is an idea or concept created by society through the use of social powerGender theorists look at:1) How specific behaviors or roles are defines as male or female2) How labor is divided into mans work and women’s work3) How different intuitions bestow advantages to menGender as Social StructureGender, as a social structure, constrains behavior by the opportunities it offers or deniesGender and InequalityMost societies, past and present, have been characterized by gender inequality and gender stratificationMost societies have been, and are, patriarchies=males dominate political and economic institutions and exercise power in interpersonal relationshipsMale Dominance: USPolitically (2015)20% of senators are women84 out of 435 representatives (19%)EconomicallyMake less, less autonomy and prestigeWage gapWomen make .83 per $1.00 (3013)How children learn about genderLearning Gender Roles and Playing Gendered RolesSocial Learning TheoryEmphasizes learning behaviors from others through rewards and punishments and modelingThis approach has been modified to include cognitive processes, such as the use of language, the anticipation of consequences, and observationModelingplaying “dress up” is one way children model the characteristics and behaviors of adults. It is part of the process of learning what is appropriate for someone of their genderCognitive Development TheoryFocuses on the child’s active interpretation of the messages he or she receives from the environmentWe learn differently depending on our ageGender permanent= six or sevenLearning Gender Roles Socializing AgentsParentsExtended family and othersPeersPreschools/schoolsPop culture and mass mediaReligionOthers?FSHD 257 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Review the concepts taught in chapters 8-10 through peer review questions and the game Jeopardy Outline of Current Lecture II. Differentiate between sex and gender. III. Identify the many influences and gender stereotypes that correlate with sexual identity Current Lecture Studying Gender- Gender is not the same as sex- Sex biological aspect of being male or femaleo Includes chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical characteristics that differentiate most females from most males.- Gender Everything else: how one sees oneself, expectations, roles, opportunities, etc. o The expectations one forms of others based on their being females or maleso The roles one plays in households and familieso The opportunities one has in the wider world of education, work, and politics Definitions- Gender Identity o Sense of ourselves as a certain gender- Gendered Roleso The role a person is expected to perform as a result of being male or female in a particular culture - Intersexo A person born with ambiguous genital anatomyo Or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female ormaleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Between 1 and 4% of live births are intersexual - Belief that males and females, as a result of their sex, possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits - Tend to be false not only for the group, but also for the individual Men and Women as Opposite - Culturally, we tend to view the genders as dichotomous and opposite- We are more similar than different- Most gender differences can be traced to culturally specific expectations, male-female status, and gender stereotyping  Social Construction of Gender - Gender is an idea or concept created by society through the use of social power- Gender theorists look at: o 1) How specific behaviors or roles are defines as male or femaleo 2) How labor is divided into mans work and women’s work o 3) How different intuitions bestow advantages to men  Gender as Social Structure - Gender, as a social structure, constrains behavior by the opportunities it offers or denies Gender and Inequality - Most societies, past and present, have been characterized by gender inequality and gender stratification - Most societies have been, and are, patriarchies=males dominate political and economic institutions and exercise power in interpersonal relationships Male Dominance: US - Politically (2015) o 20% of senators are women o 84 out of 435 representatives (19%) - Economically o Make less, less autonomy and prestigeo Wage gap  Women make .83 per $1.00 (3013) - How children learn about gender- Learning Gender Roles and Playing Gendered Roles Social Learning Theory - Emphasizes learning behaviors from others through rewards and punishments and modeling - This approach has been modified to include cognitive processes, such as the use of language, the anticipation of consequences, and observation - Modeling o playing “dress up” is one way children model the characteristics and behaviors of adults. It is part of the process of learning what is appropriate for someone of their gender  Cognitive Development Theory - Focuses on the child’s active interpretation of the messages he or she receives from the environment - We learn differently depending on our age-