-Planning for Children or Being ChildfreeFamily SizeThe ideal family size in the United States is now 2.0 childrenSome people continue to choose large families for religious reasonsFertility Trends in the USThe decline in fertility is actually a continuation of long-term pattern dating to about 1800Changes in the economy and subsequently in gender rolesAs women’s employment increased, fertility declinedDeclining infant mortality ratesIt became unnecessary to bear so many children to ensure the survival of a fewAt the same time, choosing not to be a parent is becoming more acceptableWe continue to see childbearing increasingly shifted to later agesThe birthrate for those ages 15-19 has declined to the lowest record in 65 years of record keepingChildlessness is higher for women now than in the pastDifferential Fertility Rates by Education, Income, and Race/EthnicityFamilies with higher education and income tend to have fewer childrenAccounting for slightly less than 50 percent, non-Hispanic white births are no longer a majority in the United StatesAll women in the US have lowered their fertility since 1990Fertility rates vary among segments of the population.Women who are not in the labor force have higher birthrates and a larger completed family size on average than employed women.Beliefs and values about having children vary among cultures.Procreative LibertyThe freedom to decide whether or not to have childrenThings to Consider When Deciding About ParenthoodVariations in birthrates reflect decisions shaped by values and attitudes about childrenIn a 2002 survey, women reported that over one-third of their recent births were unintended14% unwanted21% mistimedAs many as half of all births may be unintendedIndividual Motivations for Having ChildrenConscious motivations include:The desire to love and to be loved by ones own childCompanionship with ones own offspringThe desire to be personally fulfilled as an adult by having a childValue of ChildrenChildren can bring vitality and a sense of purpose into a householdHaving a child broadens a parents role in the world:Mothers and fathers become nurtures, advocates, authority figures, counselors, caregivers, and playmatesMotivations for ParenthoodValue of children perspective-The idea that children bring unique benefit to parentsSocial Influences Motivating Individuals to Have ChildrenFamilyFriendsReligionCultural ObservationsGovernmentEconomyCultural ObservationsLifestyle ChangesDaily living routines become focused around childrenLiving arrangements change to provide space for another person in the householdSome parents change their work schedule to allow them to be home moreA major lifestyle change is the loss of freedom of activity and flexibility in ones personal scheduleEconomic Costs of ParenthoodAn uncomplicated birth, with a two-day hospital stay, may total $10,000A cesarean section birth may cost $14000Annual cost of a child less than two years old for middle income parents ($57, 600 to $99, 730) including housing, food, transportation, clothing, health care, and childcare, is $11, 950For a 15-17 year old, the cost is $13,830Costs of Having ChildrenCost of raising a child born in 2011 to the age of 18-$295,560(United States Department of Agriculture 2013)Opportunity CostsParents forego income and investment when they raise their childrenParents work additional hours and have less leisure timeFSHD 257 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Define child marriageII. Compare and contrast the child marriage statistics across culturesIII. Analyze both the physical and mental aspects that could negatively arise with getting married at a young ageOutline of Current Lecture IV. Begin exploring the factors that come into play when deciding to enter parenthoodV. Consider the costs and rewards of having or not having childrenCurrent Lecture -Planning for Children or Being Childfree Family Size- The ideal family size in the United States is now 2.0 children- Some people continue to choose large families for religious reasons Fertility Trends in the US- The decline in fertility is actually a continuation of long-term pattern dating to about 1800- Changes in the economy and subsequently in gender roleso As women’s employment increased, fertility declined- Declining infant mortality rateso It became unnecessary to bear so many children to ensure the survival of a few - At the same time, choosing not to be a parent is becoming more acceptable- We continue to see childbearing increasingly shifted to later ages- The birthrate for those ages 15-19 has declined to the lowest record in 65 years of record keepingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Childlessness is higher for women now than in the past Differential Fertility Rates by Education, Income, and Race/Ethnicity- Families with higher education and income tend to have fewer children- Accounting for slightly less than 50 percent, non-Hispanic white births are no longer a majority in the United States- All women in the US have lowered their fertility since 1990- Fertility rates vary among segments of the population.- Women who are not in the labor force have higher birthrates and a larger completedfamily size on average than employed women.- Beliefs and values about having children vary among cultures.Procreative Liberty- The freedom to decide whether or not to have children  Things to Consider When Deciding About Parenthood- Variations in birthrates reflect decisions shaped by values and attitudes about children- In a 2002 survey, women reported that over one-third of their recent births were unintendedo 14% unwantedo 21% mistimed- As many as half of all births may be unintended  Individual Motivations for Having Children- Conscious motivations include:o The desire to love and to be loved by ones own childo Companionship with ones own offspringo The desire to be personally fulfilled as an adult by having a child Value of Children- Children can bring vitality and a sense of purpose into a household- Having a child broadens a parents role in the world:o Mothers and fathers become nurtures, advocates, authority figures, counselors, caregivers, and playmates Motivations for Parenthood- Value of children perspective-The idea that children bring unique benefit to parents Social Influences Motivating Individuals to