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UA FSHD 257 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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The sex ratio (number of men to women in a given society or subgroup) influences marital options and singlehoodThroughout the 19th and early 20th century, the United States had more men than womenToday this is reversed due to changes in immigration patterns and greater improvement in women’s healthIn 1910 there were nearly 106 men for every 100 womenIn 2010, there were about 97 men for every 100 womenBeginning with middle age, there are increasingly fewer men than womenSex ratio differs somewhat for various racial/ethnic categoriesExpanded educational and career options for college-educated women have led many to postpone marriageMiddle aged, divorced women with careers tend to view marriage as a bad bargain once they have gained financial and sexual independenceWhat economic factors/changes help explain the increase in singlehood/non-married?The fact that many men’s earning potential has declined relative to women’s, may make marriage less attractive to both gendersGrowing economic disadvantage and uncertainty make marriage less available to many who might want to marry but feel they cant financially afford itWith effective contraception, sexual relationships outside marriage, without great risk of unwanted pregnancy, became possibleNew contraception technologies offer the possibility for planned pregnancy to unpartnered heterosexual women as well as same sex couplesWhat cultural factors/changes help explain the increase in singlehood/non-married?It is now widely accepted that young people will have sexual intercourse before marriageAs American culture gives greater weight to autonomy, many find that singlehood is more desirable than marriageBeing unmarried has become an accepted option, rather than the deviant lifestyle that it was once thought to beCohabitation is emerging as a socially accepted alternative to marriageGetting married is no longer the only way to gain adult statusMarriage has become less strongly defined as permanent1. All singles, especially single women, want to be coupled.2. Singles are miserably lonely, bitter, and envious of their coupled friends.3. Singles are self-centered and immature.4. Single women will someday regret not having married and not having families.5. Single men are frequently portrayed as threatening, irresponsible, sexually obsessed, or gay.6. Children of single parents are destined to suffer emotionally, socially, academically, financially, and behaviorally.7. Singles lack a partner and, therefore, lack a purpose.8. Singles will age and die alone.9. Married people with families deserve special benefits, perks, higher pay, and other resources that singles don’t need.Asked and expected to stay late at work, travel over holidays, pay more for vacation packages, club memberships, and meals in restaurantsOften do without discounted health benefits, greater Social Security options, lower tax bills, and higher salariesIf single, when you die, no other adult can receive your benefits so your money goes back into the systemLow sex ratiosIncreasing educational and economic opportunitiesTechnological changesChanging cultural attitudesAn arrangement where two people who are not married live together in an emotionally and/or sexually intimate relationship on a long term or permanent basisFew changes in patterns of marriage and family relationships have been as dramatic as changes in cohabitationOver the past 40 years, cohabitation has increased more than 20-foldIt has increased across all socioeconomic, age, and racial groupsThe general climate regarding sexuality is more liberal than it was a generation agoThe meanings of marriage and divorce have changedMen and women are delaying marriage longerWomen are less economically dependent on marriageCohabitation has become normalized as a stage or phaseTrail marriagePrecursor to marriageSubstitute for marriageCoresidential datingBetween 10 and 20% of all births occur to a cohabiting motherPerhaps half or more are planned38% of cohabiting heterosexual households contain children under age 18Having a child while cohabiting does not necessarily increase a couples odds of staying together, but conceiving a child during cohabitation and then marrying before the baby is born does increase union stabilityInstability with cohabitation is related to problematic outcomes for childrenCohabiting parents spend less on their children’s education than do marriedsAdolescents are more likely to experience earlier premarital intercourse, higher rates of school suspension. And antisocial and delinquent behaviorsCompared to single parent homes, children do benefit economicallyRoughly half of those who remarry after a divorce cohabit before formally remarryingMarital quality and happiness appear to be lower among post divorce (pre-marriage) cohabiters.Different commitmentsMarriages begin with spouses pledging a lifelong commitment to each otherLiving together tends to be a more temporary arrangement than marriageCohabiters are less certain of a lifetime together and tend to live more autonomous livesHomogamy: The homogamy theory of mate selection states that we tend to be attracted to and become involved with those who are similar to us in characteristics such as: age, education, religion, social class, etc.The more couples have in common, the higher the reported relationship satisfaction and the more durable the relationship1. Race2. Age3. Intelligence4. Education5. Open-Mindedness6. Social Class7. Physical Appearance8. Career9. Marital status10. Religion/Spirituality/ Politics11. Personality12. Circadian Preference (a.m. or p.m. preference)13. Traditional Roles14. Geographic Background15. Economic Values, Money Management, and DebtThe gender imbalance reflected in the ratio of available unmarried women and menMembers of one gender tend to be “squeezed” of the marriage marketThe tendency for women to marry men of higher statusMen tend to marry women slightly below them in age, education, and so onInvolve the concept of the eight-minute date.Saves time because it allows daters to meet face to face without burning up a whole evening.LovePersonal FulfillmentCompanionshipParenthoodEconomic securityPsychological well beingThe culmination of the premarital dating processTime in which the romantic partners are sexually monogamous, committed to marry, and focused on wedding preparationsMore significance as a ritual than as a binding commitment to be marriedThe term ‘child marriage’ is used to refer to both


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UA FSHD 257 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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