POLS 1113 1st Edition Exam #3 Study GuideLecture 11:• Liberties: Era of Duel Citizenship - For most of U.S. History the Bill of Rights applied only to the actions of the government o Ex. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) - the supreme court ruled that bill ofrights only applied to government o Matters involving the U.S. Government- citizen’s liberties were guaranteed by the constitutiono Matters involving a state government- citizen’s liberties wereguaranteed by their state constitutions Policy Making: Civil liberties and rights• Liberties and Rights - Civil Liberties – protections of citizens from improper government action o 1st Amendment – congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religiono 4th Amendment – the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,papers, affects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated - Civil Rights – Obligations placed upon the government to guarantee equalcitizenship and protect citizens from discriminatory practices o 14th Amendment –“no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge theprivileges of citizens “ “cant deprive without due process of law” “Equal protection" • Incorporation of the Bill of Rights - The era of dual citizenship potentially ends along with the civil war o 14th amendment – all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens § Wasn’t immediately interpreted this way • Civil Rights: Separate but Equal - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – decision establishes the separate but- equal doctrine – separateThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.facilities for blacks and whites satisfied the 14th amendment as long as they were equal - Public enterprise allowed to maintain segregated accommodations ◊ Civil Rights: Pre Brown - Truman- Committee on Civil Rights (1946) - Truman – desegregation of Military (1948) - Sweatt v. Painter (1950) – ruling against segregation at the University ofTexas Law School ◊ Civil Rights: Post Brown - Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – strikes down separate but equal standard - Eisenhower sends troops to Little Rock (1957) – to enforce integration of central hs - Boynton v. Virginia (1960) – small decision about segregation in publictransportation, led to the organization of the freedom rides - Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Elementary and secondary education Act of 1965, bothprovided financial incentives for school systems to desegregate • Supreme Court Agenda: ◊ The Judges Bill - Judiciary Act of 1925 – granted the modern docket - Certiorari Process – “To become informed” – governed by the rule of 4 - Courts could now refuse to hear superfluous cases - Freed up the court- to maintain an existing body of precedent to have greater policy influence ◊ Agenda - It is not a stable collection of issues over time, - Policy windows – an opportunity for action, opens as a result of a change or apolitical problem that reaches prominence - Spillovers – addition of one policy or issue to the docket will result in new issuesor other new policy windows • Party politics and Social Agendas - The civil liberties and rights agenda can be viewed as mostly “costless” from an economic standpoint - Parties can use these issues to attract voter support that is not consistent with theindividuals economic self interest o Democrats target and attract liberal social elites with higher income and education levels o Republicans target and attract social conservatives with lower income and educational level - Electoral politics is a constant conflict and polarization over social issues: Abortion rights,Euthanasia, gay marriage, gun control, immigration, flag burning, religion and state - Appeal to single issue voters – pick up support on a “costless” social policy item,get voters to vote contrary to their economic self- interest Policy – Making: Fiscal Policy and Economic Regulation• Party Positions on the Economic Agenda - Democrats o Greater securityo Governmental Benefits – health care, retirement, welfare o Regulation – maintain competition, anti- trust and mergers o Great Taxation – Tax increases, progressive rates, income tax brackets - Republicans o Greater liberty o Private provision of benefits – cut benefits programs, limited governmento Free market principles – consolidation acceptableo Lower taxation – tax cuts, regressive rates, flat tax • Economic issues and Electoral politics - Democratic weaknesses –tax increases and progressive rates are hard sells, an effective tool against candidateswho support them, citizen and groups with relatively high incomes fund campaigns - Republican Weaknesses – Tax cuts are popular but require corresponding cuts in spending, programsprovide and localized benefits to constituents, cuts necessary to balance budgets are not enacted • U.S. Expenditures – two types - Discretionary Expenditures- public program that don’t include guaranteed expenditures –military services, agriculture subsidies, transportation, and welfare - Mandatory Expenditures- Public programs with guaranteed expenditures – socialsecurity, Medicare and Medicaid • The Social Security Program – the system is not bankrupt - Previous excess revenues where used to pay for deficit spending - Program now holds promissory notes from government ◊ Potential reforms - Benefit cuts and extending the eligible retirement age for future retirees - Increasing social security revenues by substantially raising the income cap from $110K - Privatization of portions of social security benefits for future generations • The Medicare/ Medicaid Program – medical care programs are even worse Footing - Growing health care costs - Increasing number of retirees ◊Obama Administration Reforms - Makes an effort to both expand coverage and control costs - insurance mandate for individuals, subsidies forworking poor, imposes taxes on plans with high levels of benefits, costs 938 billion over 10 years • East Asian Trade Politics -United states o Export deficit –continuously imports more than it exports, net effect is billionsof dollars move abroad every year, China and Japan finance our trade deficitbut are now tied directly