POLS 1113 1st Edition Lecture 5Participation and Voting (continued)I. Voting A. Voting and the Constitution 1. Article I, Sec 4 a) Allows each state to establish the rules for the election of Representativesand Senators 2. Article I, Sec 5 a) Makes the House and the Senate the final judge of election to those bodies 3. Article II, Sec 1 a) Establishes the electoral with the electors equal to the number of seats in theHouse and Senate (535) + D.C. (3) b) Winner must have a majority of the electoral votes, in case of a tie, theHouse chooses the President and the Senate chooses the Vice PresidentB. Voting Rights in America 1. 1789- White male property owners were enfranchised, but this was opened upto allow most all white males to participate 2. 1870- 15th Amendment enfranchises former slaves (male), but the states quicklyestablish hurdles to voting in the form of grandfather clauses, poll taxes, and literacy tests 3. 1910- Progressive reforms include the Australian ballot 4. 1913- 17th Amendment establishes the direct election of Senators 5. 1920- 19th Amendment is passed during the Progressive Era, which enfranchisedwomen 6. 1950- The Civil Rights Movement opposes state sanctioned segregation andracial disenfranchisement 7. 1965- The Voting Rights Act is passed in the wake of the assassination of JFK andthe Freedom Summer Protests, the federal government steps in to stops states from disenfranchising African Americans 8. 1971- 26th Amendment establishes the voting age at 18 years C. Factors for Participation 1. Education a) Citizens with higher levels of education tend to vote more often 2. Income a) Citizens with higher incomes tend to vote more often 3. Age a) Participation increases with ageThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Group Membership a. Citizens that are active in groups participate more often b. Ex. Political parties, unions, interest groups D. Factors for Non- Participation 1. Registration- there are many hurdles to registering and they differ in each state 2. Time- elections take place during the day for relatively short period 3. Vote Value- a single vote may or may not be valuable, single member districts decrease the value of small group votes, and the electoral college makes votes in the swing state worth more than others 4. Number of offices- we have federal, state, and local elections with numeroussmall offices included E. Proposals for Increasing Turnout 1. Registration- using vehicle registrations to supplement voter roles, same dayregistration 2. Time- elections on the weekends, easier absentee access, online voting 3. Adjusting the potential value of votes with direct election of the executive 4. Limiting offices F. How people decide 1. Party identification- parties package policy positions to gain working majorities 2. Single issues- some voters choose on the basis of a specific issue like abortion orguns 3. Retrospective Voting 4. Prospective Voting II. Alternative Participation: Protest A. American Examples 1. The suffrage movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement 3. The Vietnam Protest Movement 4. Watergate 5. Election 2000 and Florida Protests These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a