POLS 1113 1st Edition Exam #2 Study Guide Lectures: 12 - 17Lecture 12-13 (February 24-26)Political Goals and OrientationI. Reelection A. Seen as the primary goal of elected politicians B. This was not always the case C. But, professional politicians are now the norm J. Policy Output A. Seen as the alternative goal B. Establishment of laws that are consistent with the members personalpreferences or ideology Congressional Role Orientation• Delegates • Members of Congress vote their constituents’ interests • Decision calculus is a function of district or state preferences • Role is evident in highly salient matters • farm subsidies in rural districts • issues that appeal to single-issue voters • Trustees • Members of Congress vote their best judgment • Decision calculus is a function of member’s own preferences • Role is evident in less salient matters • arms treaties and foreign relations • anti-trust and intellectual property • regulation of broadcast media Organization of Congress: House• Constitution allows both the House and Senate to establish Rules of Procedure • Rules produce variance in the influence of individual members • House of Representatives • Large institution • Limited debate • Power centralized with the leadership • Emphasis on legislative rules for amendments • Committee chairs hold leverage • Rules Committee • A very powerful committee that is controlled by the majority party These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• Leverage over what comes up when, and how • Majority party always has a solid margin on this committee • Designates Closed Rule Bills • Limits floor amendments Limits the amount of debate• Designates Open Rule Bills • Amendments possible on the floor • Increases opportunities for debate Organization of Congress: Senate• Senate • Smaller institution • Rights to extended debate • Individual senators empowered by right to filibuster • Tradition of comity between the parties • Filibusters in the Senate • Right to unlimited debate • No longer formal debate on the floor • Senators place legislative holds on items • Senate’s agenda proceeds along multiple tracks • Cloture and Rule 22 • Ends a filibuster through a procedural vote to close debate • Cloture currently requires a 3/5ths majority • Successful legislation typically must have 60 votes to pass the Senate • Work-Horses • Freshmen get low profile committee assignments • Work as an apprentice to a senior Senator • Show-Horses • Freshman who comes with own agenda • Lobbies to get a better committee assignment • Always Visible on Sunday morning TV • Presidents in the making • All senators tend to think about the next level • How to position for a presidential run Lecture 14-16 (March 3-10)The Judicial BranchCourts and the Constitution• Hamilton and “The Least Dangerous Branch” • Executive • Power of the Sword• Enforces the law & implements policy • Legislature Power of the Purse• Writes the law & pays for everything • Judiciary • Has neither power • Dependent upon the other two branches In the beginning it only has judgmentEstablishing the Judicial Branch• Constitutional Authority • Article III Powers • Supreme Court • Provision of Life Tenure • Jurisdiction • public officers (original) • maritime suits • U.S. party to suit • state conflicts (original) • state v. citizen of other state • citizens of different states • Statutory Authority • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Chief Justice + 5 Associates • Established District Courts• Established Circuit Courts • Concurrent Jurisdiction • Appellate Jurisdiction • Writ of Mandamus Lecture 17 (March 12)The Bureaucracy and Interest GroupsBureaucracy: a Definition• We associate a few characteristics with bureaucracy • Hierarchical Organization • Positions differ in their relative amount of power • The “org chart” • Those at the top have more authority than those at the bottom • Specialization • The benefits of division of labor• Bureau is organized around specific tasks • Rule Making Authority • Internal Rules • Those at the top of the pyramid make the rules • formal rules of procedure • informal rules and norms of day to day operations • External Rules • Departments and Agencies • converts legislation into regulations • department then enforces these regulations Bureaucratic Authority• Function of the President and Congress • Create bureaus to handle certain policy functions • Pass legislation telling the bureaus what to do • Appoint leaders to run the bureau • Pass an annual budget that fund bureau activities • Oversee bureau actions to ensure compliance • Function of Bureaucratic Leadership • Build an organization • Stock it with general and specialized workers • (engineers, scientists, lawyers) Create rules Refine the broad language of legislation into narrow rules and regulations Enforce rulesApply the narrow rules and regulations in a manner that is consistent with the Wishes of the Executive and