KIN 3309 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. How to Solve Biomechanics ProblemsII. Question 1III. Angular and Linear VelocityIV. Question 2V. Question 3VI. Question 4VII. Linear vs. Angular Kinetic AnalysisVIII. Question 5IX. Question 6X. Conservation of Angular MomentumXI. Question 7XII. Angular ImpulseXIII. Question 8XIV. Question 9XV. Question 10Outline of Current Lecture I. Biomechanics vs. KinesiologyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Linear vs. Angular MotionIII. Kinematics vs. KineticsIV. Statics vs. DynamicsV. Relative PositionsVI. Flexion & ExtensionVII. Abduction & AdductionVIII. Specialized Movement DescriptorsIX. Movement Descriptors of FootX. Pronation & Supination of the FootXI. Cardinal PlanesXII. Stress and StrainXIII. Stress-Strain CurveXIV. Musculoskeletal SystemXV. Functions of the SkeletonXVI. Architecture of BoneXVII. Types of Bone TissueXVIII. Types of BonesXIX. CartilageXX. Articular Cartilage & FibrocartilageXXI. LigamentsXXII. Synovial JointXXIII. MuscleXXIV. Functions of MuscleXXV. Characteristics and Roles of MuscleXXVI. MyofibrilXXVII. SarcomereXXVIII. Muscle Volume and Cross SectionXXIX. Net Muscle ActionsXXX. Muscle AttachmentXXXI. Organization of the Nervous SystemXXXII. Motor UnitXXXIII. Recruitment & Rate CodingXXXIV. Electromyography (EMG)XXXV. ReflexXXXVI. Proprioceptive ReceptorsXXXVII. The Shoulder ComplexXXXVIII. The Vertebral ColumnXXXIX. Effects of Aging on the TrunkCurrent LectureI. Biomechanics vs. Kinesiologya. Kinesiology:i. Scientific study of human movementii. Anatomical, physiological, psychological, biomechanicalb. Biomechanics:i. Application of mechanics to biological systemsii. More specific than kinesiologyiii. Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biologic systems by means of the methods of mechanics *II. Linear vs. Angular Motiona. Linear Motioni. AKA translation or translational motionii. Movement on straight or curved pathwayiii. All points on a body move same distance, same timeb. Angular Motioni. Motion around some pointii. Different regions of the same body segment do not move through the same distanceIII. Kinematics vs. Kineticsa. Kinematicsi. Examines spatial (space) and temporal (time) characteristics of motion1. Position (displacement), velocity, and accelerationii. Example: how fast is it moving, how high it goes, or how far it travelsiii. The forces causing the motion are not considerediv. The amount, type, and direction of movementv. Speed or changes in speed of the bodyb. Kineticsi. Examines forces that cause motion1. Magnitude2. Direction3. Line of action4. Point of applicationIV. Statics vs. Dynamicsa. Staticsi. Examines systems not moving or moving at a constant speedii. Equilibrium: no accelerationiii. Example: Spaceship gliding through spaceb. Dynamicsi. Examines systems that are being acceleratedii. Example: softball pitchV. Relative Positionsa. Medial – toward midline of the bodyb. Lateral – away from midline of the bodyc. Proximal – toward point of attachmentd. Distal – away from point of attachmente. Superior – toward the top of the headf. Inferior – toward the bottom of the feetg. Anterior – front, ventralh. Posterior – back, dorsali. Ipsilateral – on the same sidej. Contralateral – on opposite sidesVI. Flexion & Extensiona. Flexioni. A bending movement by decreasing the joint angle between a segment and its proximal segmentb. Extensioni. A straightening movement by increasing the joint angleii. A segment returns to the reference positionc. Hyperflexioni. Flexion beyond normal ranged. Hyperextensioni. Extension beyond normal rangeVII. Abduction & Adductiona. Abductioni. Moving away from the midline of the bodyb. Adductioni. Moving toward the midline of the body c. Hyperabductioni. Abduction past 180 degree pointd. Hyperadductioni. Adduction past 0 degree pointVIII. Specialized Movement Descriptorsa. Pronation – turn palms backwardb. Supination – turn palms frontwardc. Radial flexion – hand toward thumbd. Ulnar flexion – hand toward little fingerIX. Movement Descriptors of Foota. Plantarflexioni. Increase angle between foot and shankb. Dorsiflexioni. Decrease angle between foot and shankc. Inversioni. Lift medial edge of footd. Eversioni. Lift lateral edge of footX. Pronation & Supination of the Foot *a. Pronation and supination of the feet are not the same as inversion and eversionb. Pronation of the footi. Dorsiflexion at the ankleii. Eversion in the tarsalsiii. Abduction of the forefootc. Supination of the footi. Plantarflexion at the ankleii. Inversion in the tarsalsiii. Adduction of the forefootXI. Cardinal Planes *a. Sagittali. Left and right halvesii. Mediolateral axisb. Frontal (coronal)i. Front and back halvesii. Anteroposterior axisc. Transverse (horizontal)i. Upper and lower halvesii. Perpendicular to longitudinal axisd. Many other planes existXII. Stress and Straina. Stressi. = Force applied, per unit areaii. “Area” is usually a cross-sectional areaiii. Tensile stress (tension): pullingiv. Compressive stress (compression): pushingb. Straini. = Deformation caused by applied stressii. Dimensionlessc. The stress-strain curve *i. The slope of the curve is a measure of stiffness known as elastic modulusXIII. Stress-Strain Curvea. Yield pointi. Up to yield point, structure is in its elastic regionii. Past the yield point is the structure’s plastic regionb. Failurei. If the applied force continues past the plastic region, the tissue will eventually failc. In the elastic region, an item will return to its original shaped. In the plastic region, an item changes shaper permanentlyXIV. Musculoskeletal Systema. “The system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form”b. Anatomyi. Bonesii. Ligamentsiii. Tendonsiv. MusclesXV. Functions of the Skeletona. Leverageb. Supportc. Protectiond. Storagee. Blood cell formationXVI. Architecture of Bone *a. Bone: Matrix of inorganic salts and collagenb. Bone cellsi. Osteocytes: transport metabolites, sense mechanical stress, communicationii. Osteoblasts: cells that create bone (deposition)iii. Osteoclasts: cells that resorb bone (resorption)c. Osseous: Bone tissuei. Cortical: compact, very dense, outer layerii. Cancellous: spongy, very porous, inner layerXVII. Types of