KIN 3309 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Upper ExtremityII. Sternoclavicular JointIII. ClavicleIV. Acromioclavicular JointV. Scapulothoracic JointVI. Glenohumerol JointVII. Movements of Shoulder ComplexVIII. Scapular MovementsIX. Shoulder Joint Range of MotionX. Shoulder Joint Movement CharacteristicsXI. Shoulder Muscle StrengthXII. Elbow and Radioulnar JointXIII. Ulnarhumeral JointXIV. Radiohumeral JointXV. Radioulnar JointXVI. Elbow Movement CharacteristicsXVII. Muscles Acting at the ElbowXVIII. Elbow ExtensorsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XIX. WristXX. Wrist and FingersXXI. Carpal Tunnel SyndromeXXII. Contribution of Upper Extremity Musculature to Sports Skills or MovementsXXIII. Lower Extremity (starting from the hip joint and down)XXIV. The Pelvic and Hip ComplexXXV. Movements of the Sacrum and TrunkXXVI. Movements of the PelvisXXVII. The Hip JointXXVIII. Hip Ranges of MotionXXIX. The Femoral NeckXXX. Injury PotentialXXXI. Muscles Acting at the KneeXXXII. QuizXXXIII. The Knee JointXXXIV. Anatomical and Functional CharacteristicsXXXV. Knee Menisci and LigamentsXXXVI. Strength and ForceXXXVII. The Ankle and FootOutline of Current Lecture I. The Lower LegII. The Knee JointIII. Movements of the Knee JointIV. Anatomical and Functional CharacterisitcsV. Tibiofibular Joint of the KneeVI. Knee Menisci and LigamentsVII. Muscles Acting at the KneeVIII. Strength and ForceIX. Injury PotentialX. The Ankle and FootXI. Anatomical and Functional Characteristics of the Ankle JointXII. Movements at the AnkleXIII. Pronation and Supination at the FootXIV. Strength and ForcesXV. Injury PotentialXVI. LocomotionXVII. The Vertebral ColumnXVIII. Regions of the SpineXIX. Key Muscles of the TrunkXX. Motion Segments of the SpineXXI. Range of Motion in Individual Motion Segments: Contribution to Total MovementXXII. Strength and Forces at the Vertebral JointsXXIII. PostureXXIV. Postural DeviationsXXV. Stretching and Strengthening ExercisesXXVI. Injury PotentialXXVII. Disc DegenerationXXVIII. Effects of Aging on the TrunkXXIX. Contribution of Trunk Musculature to Sports Skills or MovementsXXX. QuizCurrent LectureI. The Lower LegII. The Knee Joint a. Supports body weight, while allowing a large range of motionb. A double Condyloid jointi. 2 degrees of freedomc. Primary movement is flexion-extensionIII. Movements of the Knee JointIV. Anatomical and Functional Characteristicsa. The knee joint region consists of three articulations (joints):i. Tibiofemoralii. Patellofemoraliii. TibofibularV. Tibiofibular Joint of the Kneea. A small joint between the head of the fibula and the tibial condylei. Dissipates torsional stresses applied by the movements of the footii. Attenuates lateral tibial bendingVI. Knee Menisci and Ligamentsa. Lateral and medial meniscib. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL)c. Transverse ligamentVII. Muscles Acting at the Kneea. Quadriceps femorus musclei. Rectus Femorisii. Vastus Medialisiii. Vastus lateralisiv. Vastus intermediusVIII. Strength and Forcea. Extensors stronger than flexors throughout range of motionb. Knee muscles exert considerable forcei. Quadriceps tension: 1-3 x BW in walking, 4 x BW in stair climbing, 5 x BW in squat (favorable force-length combination)c. Sample Joint Forcesi. Patellofemoral compressive force: 0.5-1.5 x BW in walking, 3-4 x BW in climbing, 7-8 x BW in squatsii. Tibiofemoral compressive forces often > 1,000 Niii. Tibiofemoral shear forces often > 600 Nd. Figure 6.27 for exercisesIX. Injury Potentiala. The knee joint is a frequently injured area of the body, accounting for 25-70% of reported injuries depending on the sportb. Often related to poor conditioning and/or alignment problems in the lower extremitiesc. Running exerts forces of 3x BW on the knee with a frequency of 1,500 contacts per miled. Traumatic injuries usually involve knee ligaments caused by forceful twisting actioni. ACL is the most common ligament injuredii. Torn menisci can also result from twistingX. The Ankle and Foota. The foot and ankle consist of: i. 26 irregular-shaped bonesii. 30 synovial jointsiii. 30 musclesiv. > 100 ligamentsb. Most motion occurs at 3 joints:i. Talocrural ii. Subtalar (AKA talocalcaneal)iii. MidtarsalXI. Anatomical and Functional Characteristics of the Ankle Jointa. Talocrural joint (ankle joint)i. Consists of articulations between the tibiotalar joint and the tibiofibular jointii. The proximal joint of the footiii. It is designed for stability rather than mobilityiv. Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexionb. Subtalar Jointi. Articulation between the talus and calcaneus1. Largest weight-bearing bones in the footii. More distal than the talocrual jointiii. Pronation and supinationc. Midtarsal jointi. Consists of two joints (calcaneocuboid and talonavicular)ii. The alignment of the axes of these joints affects the mobility of the midfootiii. Shock absorptionXII. Movements at the AnkleXIII. Pronation and Supination of the Foot (TQ)XIV. Strength and Forcesa. Plantarflexion is the strongest movementb. Dorsiflexion is minimally used in most daily activities and has low muscle mass involvedc. Sample forces on the ankle and footi. Ground forces during walking: 0.8 to 1.1 x BW at heel strike, 0.8 x BW during midstance, 1.3 x BW at toe-offii. Compression at the ankle joint during walking: 3 x BW at heel strike, 5 x BW at toe-offiii. During running: ankle forces of 9.0 to 13.3 x BW and Achilles tendon forces of 5.3 to 10 x BWXV. Injury Potentiala. Injuries to the ankle and foot account for a large proportion of the injuries to the lower extremitiesb. Hindfoot injuries usually occur due to compressive forcesc. Midfoot injuries are often due to excessive lateral movementd. Forefoot injuries are often due to compressive and tensile forcese. Most injuries result from overtraining or an excessive training boutf. Anatomical factors resulting in poor gait, such as overpronation, also cause injuriesg. Exercises in Figure 6.39XVI. Locomotiona. With increasing walking speedsi. Stance phase decreasesii. Double support decreasesiii. Swing phase increasesXVII. The Vertebral Columna. The vertebral column provides rigid support and flexibilityb. The column consists of 33 vertebrae, 24 of which contribute to trunk movementc. The column also protects the spinal cordd. The vertebrae are arranged into four curves that facilitate