KIN 3309 1st EditionLecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. The Lower LegII. The Knee JointIII. Movements of the Knee JointIV. Anatomical and Functional CharacteristicsV. Tibiofibular Joint of the KneeVI. Knee Menisci and LigamentsVII. Muscles Acting at the KneeVIII. Strength and ForceIX. Injury PotentialX. The Ankle and FootXI. Anatomical and Functional Characteristics of the Ankle JointXII. Movements at the AnkleXIII. Pronation and Supination at the FootXIV. Strength and ForcesXV. Injury PotentialXVI. LocomotionXVII. The Vertebral ColumnXVIII. Regions of the SpineXIX. Key Muscles of the TrunkXX. Motion Segments of the SpineXXI. Range of Motion in Individual Motion Segments: Contribution to Total MovementXXII. Strength and Forces at the Vertebral JointsXXIII. PostureXXIV. Postural DeviationsXXV. Stretching and Strengthening ExercisesXXVI. Injury PotentialXXVII. Disc DegenerationXXVIII. Effects of Aging on the TrunkXXIX. Contribution of Trunk Musculature to Sports Skills or MovementsXXX. QuizOutline of Current Lecture I. Review of Mathematical FundamentalsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Review for Quiz 1III. Kinematics vs. KineticsIV. Cardinal PlanesV. Stress and StrainVI. Stress-Strain CurveVII. Ossification, Modeling, and RemodelingVIII. Types of MuscleIX. Myofibril and SarcomereX. Motor UnitXI. Characteristics of MuscleXII. Role of MuscleXIII. Net Muscle ActionsXIV. Force-Length RelationshipXV. Recruitment and Rate CodingXVI. ReflexXVII. Proprioceptive ReceptorsXVIII. EMGXIX. The Shoulder ComplexXX. The Lower LegXXI. The Knee JointXXII. The Vertebral ColumnXXIII. Key MusclesXXIV. Effects of Aging on the TrunkCurrent Lecture*Will provide scantrons for all quizzes and test*80-90% are from the quiz questions at the end of classI. Review of Mathematical FundamentalsII. Review for Quiz 1a. Cover Lecture 1-7b. Location GAR 205c. Time 4-5:30 III. Kinematics vs. Kineticsa. Kinematicsi. Examines spatial (space) and temporal (time) characteristics of motion1. Position (displacement), velocity, and accelerationii. Example: How fast the is moving, how high it goes, or how far it goesiii. The force causing the motion are not consideredb. Kineticsi. Examines forces/torques that cause motion1. Magnitude, direction, line of action, point of applicationc. Force is what distinguishes the two from each otherIV. Cardinal Planesa. Sagittali. Left and right halvesii. Mediolateral axisb. Frontal (coronal)i. Front and back halvesii. Anteroposterior axisc. Transvers (horizontal)i. Upper and lower halvesii. Longitudinal axisV. Stress and Straina. Stressi. = force applied, per unit areaii. “area” is usually a cross-sectional areaiii. Measured in N/m2b. Straini. =deformation caused by applied stressii. Dimensionless1. (Often put in terms of % change in length)VI. Stress-Strain Curvea. Yield pointi. Up to yield point, structure is in its elastic regionii. Past the yield point is the structures plastic regionb. Failurei. If the applied force continues past the plastic region, the tissue will eventually failVII. Ossification, Modeling, and Remodelinga. Ossificationi. Is the formation of bone by the activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclastsb. Modelingi. Occurs during growth to create a new bonec. Remodelingi. The bone matrix is constantly being removed and replaced1. Osteoblasts build bone (“deposition”)2. Osteoclasts convert/consume bone (“resorption”)VIII. Types of Musclea. Skeletal Musclei. Is associated with the bony skeleton, and consists of large cells that bear striations and are controlled voluntarilyb. Cardiac Musclei. Occurs only in the heart, and consists of small cells that are striated and under involuntary controlc. Smooth Musclei. Is found in the walls of hollow organs, and consists of small elongated cells that are not striated and are under involuntary controlIX. Myofibril and Sarcomerea. Contractile element of muscle fiberb. Contain sarcomeres (functional unit of skeletal muscle)X. Motor Unita. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (all-or-none principle)b. Smallest unit of the neuromuscular systemc. The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit (innervated by 1 motor neuron) variesi. Gastrocnemius1. 2,000 muscle fibers per motor neuronii. Extraocular muscles1. < 10 muscle fibers per motor neurond. Ratio of muscle fibers to motor neuronsi. Affects the precision of movementXI. Characteristics of Musclea. Irritabilityi. Ability to respond to stimulationb. Contractilityi. Ability to shortenii. Unique to muscle tissuec. Extensibilityi. Ability to stretch/lengthen beyond the resting lengthd. Elasticityi. Ability to return to resting lengthXII. Role of Musclea. Prime moverb. Assistant moverc. Agonistd. Antagoniste. Stabilizerf. NeutralizerXIII. Net Muscle Actionsa. Isometrici. Tension increases to the muscles capacity, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthensb. Isotonici. The muscle changes in length (decreasing the angle of the joint) and moves the load)ii. Concentric1. The muscle shortens to cause movementiii. Eccentric1. The muscle contracts as it lengthens to resist, control, or slow down movement and maximal force is generatedXIV. Force-Length Relationshipa.b. muscle can create the greatest tension at bXV. Recruitment and Rate Codinga. Recruitmenti. Tension generated is determined by the size and number of motor units recruitedb. Frequency codingi. Also called rate codingii. High frequency can induce high tension productionXVI. Reflexa. Myotactic reflexi. Also called stretch reflexii. Causes contraction of a muscle being stretchedb. Flexor Reflexi. Initiated by painful stimulusii. Causes quick withdrawal/flexion of the limbc. Cutaneous reflexi. Causes relaxation of muscle with heat or massageXVII. Proprioceptive Receptorsa. Sensory receptors in the musculoskeletal systemb. Muscle Spindlei. Monitors muscle stretch (QQ)ii. Intrafusal fibersc. Golgi tendon organi. Monitors muscle force or tensionii. Connected directly to extrafusal fibersXVIII. EMGa. Technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal musclesb. Physiological basisi. Muscle contraction due to a change in the relative sliding of thread-like molecules or filaments1. Actin and myosinii. Filament sliding triggered by electrical phenomenon (Action Potential)XIX. The Shoulder Complexa. Sternoclaviculari. Articulation between the sternum and