KIN 3309 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 11Lecture 1 (January 26)Kinematics versus Kinetics- Kinematicso Examines spatial (space) and temporal (time) characteristics of motiono Focuses on the amount, type, and direction of movemento Focuses on the speed or change in speed of the bodyo Does NOT refer to the force causing the motiono Ex. How fast the object is moving, how high it goes, or how far it travels- Kineticso Examines the forces acting on a system such as the human body or an objecto Focuses on the cause of movemento Force is important because they are responsible for creating movement and for maintaining positions and postures that have no movemento Ex. Magnitude, direction, line of action, point of applicationLinear Motion versus Angular Motion- Linear Motion o AKA translation or translational motiono The movement along a straight or curved pathway in which all points on a body move the same distance in the same amount of timeo All points on a body move the same distance, same timeo Ex. sprinter, trajectory of a baseball- Angular Motiono The motion around some point so that different regions of the same body segment do not move through the same distance in a given amount of timeo Angular motions occur around an imaginary line called the axis of rotationo The body is moving within a specific pointo Different regions of the same body segment do not move through the same distanceo Ex. Swinging around a high bar, somersault in the airStatics versus Dynamics- Staticso Examines systems that are not moving OR are moving at a constant speedo Static systems are considered to be at equilibriumo Useful for determining stresses on the parts of the bodyo Examines systems not moving or moving at a constant speedo Ex. How much force generated by the deltoid muscle is required to hold the arm out to the side?- Dynamicso Evaluates systems that are being acceleratedo Ex. Softball pitchBody Segments of the Skeleton can be divided into two portions: axial and appendicular- Axialo Head, Neck, and Trunk segmentso Accounts for more than 50% of a person’s weight- Appendicularo Upper extremities and lower extremitieso The segments become smaller as they move away from the trunkThe description of a segmental position and joint movement is typically expressed relative to a designated starting position or Reference Position:- Anatomical Positiono A standard reference point used by manyo Body is upright, face forward, arms at the side with palms facing forward and legstogether with feet pointing forward- Fundamental Positiono Preferred by manyo Body is upright, face forward, arms are relaxed with the palms facing inward- Relative Angle o AKA Joint Angleo The angle between two segmentsRelative Positions- Medial – toward the midline of the bodyo Ex. The nose is medial to the ear- Lateral – away from the midline of the bodyo Ex. The shoulder is lateral to the heart- Proximal – toward the point of attachmento Ex. The shoulder is proximal to the wrist- Distal – away from the point of attachmento Ex. The wrist is distal to the elbow- Superior – toward the top of the heado Ex. The heart is superior to the stomach- Inferior – toward the bottom of the feeto Ex. The nose is inferior to the eyes- Anterior – AKA ventral, fronto Ex. The frontal lobe is anterior to the occipital lobe- Posterior – AKA dorsal, backo Ex. The hamstrings are posterior to the quadriceps- Ipsilateral – on the same sideo Ex. The left arm is Ipsilateral to the left leg- Contralateral – on opposite sideso Ex. The left arm is contralateral to the right armMovement Description- Flexiono A bending movement in which the relative angle of the joint between two adjacent segments decreases- Extensiono A straightening movement in which the relative angle of the joint between two adjacent segments increaseso It increases as the joint returns to the reference position- Hyperflexiono Flexion movement goes beyond the normal range of flexion movement- Hyperextensiono Extension movement continues past the reference position- Abduction o Moving away from the midline of the body- Adductiono Moving toward the midline of the body- Hyperabductiono Abduction past the 180 degree point- Hyperadductiono Adduction past the 0 degree point- Rotationo Can be either medial (internal) or lateral (external)o Rotations are described as right and left when referring to the head and trunk onlySpecialized Movement Descriptors- Lateral Flexiono Applies only to the head or trunk- Circumductiono Movement in a cone-like way- Horizontal Adductiono The combination of flexion and adduction- Horizontal Abductiono The combination of extension and abduction- Pronationo Turn palms downward- Supinationo Turn palms upward- Radial flexiono Wrist joint moves the hand towards the thumb- Ulnar flexiono Wrist joint moves the hand toward the pinkyMovement Descriptors of the Foot- Plantarflexiono Movement where toes point downwards o Angle between the foot and the leg increases- Dorsiflexiono Movement where toes point upwardso Angle between the foot and leg decreases- Inversiono Medial part of foot is lifted- Eversiono Lateral part of food is lifted- Pronationo A set of movements: Dorsiflexion at the ankle joint Eversion  Abduction of the forefoot- Supinationo A set of movements: Plantarflexion at the ankle joint Inversion Adduction of the forefootReference Systems/Frame are necessary for accurate observation and descriptions. It consists ofimaginary lines called axes that intersect at right angles at a common point called the origin.- Absolute Reference Frameo Axes intersect in the center of a joint and movement of a segment o Described with respect to that joint- Relative Reference Frameo Axes are not horizontal and verticalo Movement of a segment is describer relative to the adjacent segmentPlanes and Axes- Planeo A flat, two-dimensional surface- Cardinal Planeso Planes that are positioned at right angles and intersect at the center of mass of the body Sagittal- Cut into left and right halves- Mediolateral axis Frontal (coronal)- Cut into front and back halves- Anteroposterior axis Transverse (horizontal)- Cut into upper and lower halves- Longitudinal axis- Axis of Rotationo The point at which the movement occurs in a planeo It is perpendicular to the plane of motion- Degrees of Freedomo The number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move 1 degrees of freedom- Uniaxial 2 degrees of freedom- Biaxial 3