KIN 3309 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I How to Solve Biomechanics Problems II Question 1 III Angular and Linear Velocity IV Question 2 V Question 3 VI Question 4 VII Linear vs Angular Kinetic Analysis VIII Question 5 IX Question 6 X Conservation of Angular Momentum XI Question 7 XII Angular Impulse XIII Question 8 XIV Question 9 XV Question 10 Outline of Current Lecture I Biomechanics vs Kinesiology These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II Linear vs Angular Motion III Kinematics vs Kinetics IV Statics vs Dynamics V Relative Positions VI Flexion Extension VII Abduction Adduction VIII Specialized Movement Descriptors IX Movement Descriptors of Foot X Pronation Supination of the Foot XI Cardinal Planes XII Stress and Strain XIII Stress Strain Curve XIV Musculoskeletal System XV Functions of the Skeleton XVI Architecture of Bone XVII Types of Bone Tissue XVIII Types of Bones XIX Cartilage XX Articular Cartilage Fibrocartilage XXI Ligaments XXII Synovial Joint XXIII Muscle XXIV Functions of Muscle XXV Characteristics and Roles of Muscle XXVI Myofibril XXVII Sarcomere XXVIII Muscle Volume and Cross Section XXIX Net Muscle Actions XXX Muscle Attachment XXXI Organization of the Nervous System XXXII Motor Unit XXXIII Recruitment Rate Coding XXXIV Electromyography EMG XXXV Reflex XXXVI Proprioceptive Receptors XXXVII The Shoulder Complex XXXVIII The Vertebral Column XXXIX Effects of Aging on the Trunk Current Lecture I Biomechanics vs Kinesiology a Kinesiology i Scientific study of human movement ii Anatomical physiological psychological biomechanical b Biomechanics i Application of mechanics to biological systems ii More specific than kinesiology iii Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biologic systems by means of the methods of mechanics II Linear vs Angular Motion a Linear Motion i AKA translation or translational motion ii Movement on straight or curved pathway iii All points on a body move same distance same time b Angular Motion i Motion around some point ii Different regions of the same body segment do not move through the same distance III Kinematics vs Kinetics a Kinematics i Examines spatial space and temporal time characteristics of motion 1 Position displacement velocity and acceleration ii Example how fast is it moving how high it goes or how far it travels iii The forces causing the motion are not considered iv The amount type and direction of movement v Speed or changes in speed of the body b Kinetics i Examines forces that cause motion 1 Magnitude 2 Direction 3 Line of action 4 Point of application IV Statics vs Dynamics a Statics i Examines systems not moving or moving at a constant speed ii Equilibrium no acceleration iii Example Spaceship gliding through space b Dynamics i Examines systems that are being accelerated ii Example softball pitch V Relative Positions a Medial toward midline of the body b Lateral away from midline of the body c Proximal toward point of attachment d Distal away from point of attachment e Superior toward the top of the head f g h i j Inferior toward the bottom of the feet Anterior front ventral Posterior back dorsal Ipsilateral on the same side Contralateral on opposite sides VI Flexion Extension a Flexion i A bending movement by decreasing the joint angle between a segment and its proximal segment b Extension i A straightening movement by increasing the joint angle ii A segment returns to the reference position c Hyperflexion i Flexion beyond normal range d Hyperextension i Extension beyond normal range VII Abduction Adduction a Abduction i Moving away from the midline of the body b Adduction i Moving toward the midline of the body c Hyperabduction i Abduction past 180 degree point d Hyperadduction i Adduction past 0 degree point VIII Specialized Movement Descriptors a Pronation turn palms backward b Supination turn palms frontward c Radial flexion hand toward thumb d Ulnar flexion hand toward little finger IX Movement Descriptors of Foot a Plantarflexion i Increase angle between foot and shank b Dorsiflexion i Decrease angle between foot and shank c Inversion i Lift medial edge of foot d Eversion i Lift lateral edge of foot X Pronation Supination of the Foot a Pronation and supination of the feet are not the same as inversion and eversion b Pronation of the foot i Dorsiflexion at the ankle ii Eversion in the tarsals iii Abduction of the forefoot c Supination of the foot i Plantarflexion at the ankle ii Inversion in the tarsals iii Adduction of the forefoot XI Cardinal Planes a Sagittal i Left and right halves ii Mediolateral axis b Frontal coronal i Front and back halves ii Anteroposterior axis c Transverse horizontal i Upper and lower halves ii Perpendicular to longitudinal axis d Many other planes exist XII Stress and Strain a Stress i Force applied per unit area ii Area is usually a cross sectional area iii Tensile stress tension pulling iv Compressive stress compression pushing b Strain i Deformation caused by applied stress ii Dimensionless c The stress strain curve i The slope of the curve is a measure of stiffness known as elastic modulus Stress Strain Curve a Yield point i Up to yield point structure is in its elastic region ii Past the yield point is the structure s plastic region b Failure i If the applied force continues past the plastic region the tissue will eventually fail c In the elastic region an item will return to its original shape d In the plastic region an item changes shaper permanently XIII XIV Musculoskeletal System a The system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form b Anatomy i Bones ii Ligaments iii Tendons iv Muscles XV Functions of the Skeleton a Leverage b Support c Protection d Storage e Blood cell formation XVI Architecture of Bone a Bone Matrix of inorganic salts and collagen b Bone cells i Osteocytes transport metabolites sense mechanical stress communication ii Osteoblasts cells that create bone deposition iii Osteoclasts cells that resorb bone resorption c Osseous Bone tissue i Cortical compact very dense outer layer ii Cancellous spongy very porous inner layer XVII Types of Bone Tissue a Cortical bone compact bone i Dense ii Outer layer of bones iii Made of many layers iv Stiff and strong b Cancellous bone sponge bone i Porous ii Inner region of bones iii Trabeculae tiny